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Intro To Poli Sci > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of politics

A
  • who get what, when, and how?

-The process through which power and influence are used in the promotion of certain values and interests

  • Space for competing groups
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2
Q

3 types (components) of political knowledge

A

Description

Explanation

Prescription

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3
Q

Description

A

Focus on the WHAT question and it’s based on the political facts

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4
Q

Explanation

A

Focus on the WHY question and provide a reason WHY something happens

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5
Q

Prescription

A

Provides value judgement that indicates what SHOULD occur and what SHOULD be done at

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6
Q

Political analysis

A

Attempt describe and explain political phenomenon that strives to make understanding of polices more general, precise , systematic and ultimately generate and test theories

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7
Q

What are the sources of political knowledge

A

Authority
personal thought
science

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8
Q

Define authority

A

It is a source of political knowledge where authority appeals to any document tradition or person that is believed to possess control and explain particular issues

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9
Q

What Is personal thought

A

Personal thought can be rational, intuitive or a personal experience These can source of political knowledge

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10
Q

How can the characteristics of scientific method be used to political science

A

Characteristics provide empirical (facts) and precise

Search for regularities/patern

Cumulative / builds up on knowledge

Testable the ones

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11
Q

Subfields of political science

A

Comparative politics

American politics

International relations

Political theory 

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12
Q

Thomas kuhn’s theory

A

Focuses on how a scientific theory is made in polisci

Where there is a

  1. Central concept
  2. Theories-generalizations that provides explanation and predictions about linkages between of a concepts
  3. Interpretation
  4. List of questions or issues that are worth solving/

According to thomas Kuhn theory a real science developed theories

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13
Q

Political ideology

A

A comprehensive set of beliefs about the political world about desirable political goals and the best ways to achieve these goals

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14
Q

Political ideologies can be distinguished by identifying three key issues

A

Human nature

Relationship between individuals the state in society

Cruciality of equality

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15
Q

What are the different kinds of ideology

A

Conservatism

Classical liberalism

Socialism (sub genres- Marxist Leninist and Democratic socialism and American socialism)

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16
Q

What is conservatism

A

Individuals:are not consistently rational and unequal in intelligence, skills and status

Individual state and society: social harmony exist when groups cooperate under a strong ruler

Equality: forced equality endangers order and stability 

Strong ruler

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17
Q

Who is the father of conservatism

A

Thomas Hobbes

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18
Q

What is the keyword of conservatism

A

Tradition

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19
Q

What is classical liberalism

A

Individuals: are rational, responsible and best judgment of self interest

Individual state and society: minimal government intervention and personal freedom and economic affairs

Equality:  People achieve different levels of success. focus on equal opportunity regardless of the outcome

Hands off economics like adamsmiths belief
No interference in personall freedoms

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20
Q

Who is the father of classical liberalism

A

John Locke

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21
Q

What is the key word for classical liberalism

A

Personal freedom

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22
Q

What is Socialism

A

Individuals: attitudes and behaviors are a result of environment

Individual, state, and society: good of society most important

Equality: The government have an active role and uses its powers of the states to increase material social and political equality for all

Want promotion of monetary equality

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23
Q

What is Marxist Leninist Socialism

A

Individuals: attitudes and behaviors are a result of environment

Individual, state, and society : Forceful actions necessary to produce equality and social justice. change requires violence

Equality: A small Dictatorial leadership group must manage the government and ensure equality

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24
Q

What is the keyword of Socialism

A

Equality

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25
Q

What are the key words for Marxist Leninist Socialism

A

Equality and violence

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26
Q

Democratic Socialism

A

Individuals: attitudes and behaviors are a result of environment

Individual, state, and Society: Change can be Effective through democratic mean

Equality: Equality is promoted but not enforced 100%

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27
Q

American Liberalism

A

In the US a liberal is someone who supports substantial government intervention and policy that increase equality of outcome

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28
Q

The government should be responsible to cure the five problems of society acting as a welfare state .what are the five?

A

Disease - free healthcare.

Idleness - make people have meaningful work

Ignorance - be eliminated by free public education.

Squalor - subsided housing

want - raise people above poverty

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29
Q

Normative political knowledge

A

Answers the question of what ought to be rather than simply providing descriptions and explanations of what is

Ex: SHOULD there be limits on free speech?

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30
Q

Thomas Hobbes was the father of

A

Conservatism

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31
Q

Adam smith’s theory (economics)

A

advocated for certain important roles for government in the economy.

such as enforcing contracts, protecting intellectual property rights

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32
Q

The three criteria to distinguish analytically what a persons political ideologies are

A

Individual human nature

IndividualS relationship with State, and Society

Equality

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33
Q

Sir William Beveridges theory

A

Beveridge believed that in a society operating according to the tenets of classical liberalism, there are five tragic effects on some people. Thus, the government should act as a welfare state

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34
Q

Individual political beliefs

A

beliefs help us make sense of the political world but they are also formed by our experiences in the political world.

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35
Q

Types of orientation

A

Cognitive

Affective

Evaluative

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36
Q

Public opinion polls

A

When the attitudes of many people are gathered, aggregated, and summarized, they constitute the most widely available data about people’s political orientations:

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37
Q

Political belief systems

A

refers to the configuration of an individual’s political orientations.

This network of cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations serves as a basic framework (also termed an opinion schema)

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38
Q

How can we examine an individuals belief system?

A
  1. What is the CONTENT of the beliefs—that is, the subject matter and the nature of the beliefs?
  2. What is the SALENCE of the beliefs—that is, the importance or significance the person attaches to the beliefs?
  3. What is the level of COMPLEXITY of the beliefs?
  4. Is there a CONSISTENCY AMONG DIFFERENT BELIEFS that suggests some general principles or themes that characterize the belief system as a whole?
  5. How STABLE are the beliefs over time?
  6. Do the beliefs MOTIVATE the person to undertake any political action(s)?
39
Q

Philip converse’s theory

A

15 %

40
Q

Define political culture

A

The general configuration of a particular people’s (e.g., a nation’s or a country’s) political beliefs.

It characterizes those cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations that are dominant among those people. Many explanations of political behavior and political processes are grounded in interpretations of political culture.

41
Q

What is a national characteristic study

A

Is research generally termed when national character studies attempt to capture the essence of a peoples political culture in terms of broad adjectives

Not always correct

42
Q

What is a survey research analyses

A

It is empirical data searching for patterns or configurations that profile political culture it is the most comprehensive recent comparative survey of political culture

43
Q

Samuel Huntington analysis

A

He predicts that tensions and conflict are more likely to occur among these nine civilizations rather than within them, and he specifies which civilizations are most likely to “clash” with one another.

44
Q

Political participation

A

Is all of the political actions by individuals and groups

objective of most political participation is to influence the actions or selection of political rulers

45
Q

What are the different modes of political activity

A

Modes of Political Activity
• Two dimensions
• Extent to which individual engages in political action
• Extent to which political action is more or less conventional

Taxonomic analysis
• Attempt to classify units by some criteria
• Often first stage in political analysis

46
Q

What political activities are considered conventional and ones that are not

A

Conventional: apathy, voting, political engagement, leadership

Unconventional: One time extremism, extremist action, revolutionary

47
Q

Voting turnout rates in the countries

A

. Notice the very high voter turnout in countries such as Vietnam and Cuba. In such countries, voting is primarily a symbolic act that is supposed to express support for the existing political leadership, not an action in which citizens select their leaders

voting is mandatory (e.g., Australia, Singapore, Uruguay).

In some countries, those in power either engage in election fraud to ensure victory (e.g., Afghanistan, Kenya)

48
Q

Types of political activists

A

political activists can be identified: foot soldiers, single-issue activists, extremist-activists (including revolutionaries), and political leaders

49
Q

What are political interest groups

A

The common objective of the different kinds of political interest groups are to influence the allocation of public values they can only reach their goal depending on their resources

50
Q

What are ASSOCIATIONAL political interest groups

A

They are organized specifically to further the political objectives of its members

51
Q

What are INSTITUTIONAL political interest groups

A

groups formed to achieve goals to help affect the political system, but they also pursue political objectives. Most occupational and organizational groups recognize that the decisions of the political system sometimes have major impacts on their own interests. Thus, they have a formal or informal subunit whose primary purpose is to represent the group’s interests to the political system

52
Q

What are ANOMIC political interest groups

A

These groups I short-lived spontaneous aggregations of people who share a political concern usually react in a riot

53
Q

What are NON-ASSOCIATIONAL interest groups

A

(Can become a social movement)

Individuals that are not explicitly associated but share some common interest regarding certain issues and become politically active on an issue

54
Q

People tend to go the unconventional route where

A

Democracy is not present

55
Q

What are the types of political parties

A

Ideological parties

Pragmatic parties

56
Q

What are ideological parties and their activities

A

Ideological parties hold major pragmatic goals and are deeply committed to full implementation of these goals

57
Q

What pragmatic parties and their activities

A

Pragmatic parties hold more flexible goals and are oriented toward moderate or incremental policy change

58
Q

How does the environment influence on beliefs and actions

A

It is the broad context in which an individual lives

• Includes political, social, cultural, economical, and physical elements

Two ways it can influence political behavior:
EFFECTS ON INFORMATION about politics and EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL’s PART INVOLVEMENT

59
Q

What is political socialization

A

The process through which individuals acquire their beliefs and their values about the political world

60
Q

What are the agents of political socialization

A

Family

schools

religion

social network

the media

events

and culture

61
Q

How does family influence political socialization

A

Longest lasting influence

First and often most powerful agent

• Hierarchy within family can also have an effect

62
Q

How do you schools influence political socialization

A

• Microcosm of society
• Students accept authority of teacher
• Curriculum shapes understanding of politics

Most use socialization of gov

63
Q

How does religion influence political socialization

A

• People look to religion to improve conditions

64
Q

How do social networks influence political beliefs

A

it is an agent of political socialization

Becoming increasingly significant influence
• People influenced by “people like me”
• Can be a factor in radicalization of terror groups

65
Q

How Does the media influence political socialization

A

Major source of political information for most people

• Agenda setting: media choose what to draw attention to

• Information doesn’t change attitudes but reinforces existing attitudes

• Newspapers have greatest effect

• Television reaches more people

• Government censorship in some countries

66
Q

How do events influence political socialization

A

Specific occurrence acts as a powerful agent

•EX: Gun control youth advocates following school shootings experience

67
Q

How does culture influence political socialization

A

Culture can be controlled by dominant political order

• Culture doesn’t necessarily reinforce dominant order
• Can inform and criticize subtly
• Can be openly subversive

68
Q

What are demographic characteristics

A

Also known as personal characteristics

these include both visible characteristics, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, and less visible ones, such as education, income, social class, and occupation

can be thought of as filters that influence how the environment and the agents of political socialization affect an individual’s political behavior.

69
Q

What are demographic characteristics

A

Can be thought of as filters that influence how the environment and the agents of political socialization affect an individuals political behavior

70
Q

Table 4.1 on voting choices in 2016

A

This table focuses on demographic characteristics and based on that who they voted for

71
Q

Compare Osama bin laden and Gandhi

A

Osama bin Laden (top) and Mohandas Gandhi (bottom) are two extraordinary extremist-activists who had similar backgrounds but chose fundamentally different paths of political action

Despite their early similarities, Osama bin Laden (1957–2011) and Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) diverged onto nearly opposite paths of extreme political activism in the pursuit of their personal visions of social justice and human liberation

72
Q

What are the political psychology approaches

A

Rational choice

Cognitive and effective

Bio politics

Intergroup relations

Personality and psychodynamic

73
Q

Define rational choice

A

Approach based on explanation of individual or group political actions and the claim that people have relatively stable preferences and that they will try to think through how to achieve outcomes consistent with those preferences

74
Q

Define cognitive and affective

A

Suggest that the brain often makes decisions more rapidly than deliberative rational thought can manage

75
Q

Define bio politics

A

Focuses on biological processes to explain decision-making information processing and preference formation that have implications for political behavior

76
Q

Define intergroup relations

A

Type of political psychology where where is analyzes an explanation of group dynamics and collective behavior

77
Q

Define personality and psychodynamics

A

Political psychology approaches that explore aspects of the formation and effects of personality

78
Q

Define Science role in political knowledge

A

Science provides value judgment that indicates what should occur and what should be done the objective of political science is to increase clarity and accuracy of understanding the political world by developing a set of techniques concepts and approaches

79
Q

What is comparative politics

A
  1. COMPARATIVE POLITICS. This subfield focuses on similarities and differences in political processes and structures.
80
Q

What is American politics

A

AMERICAN POLITICS. To the rest of the world, the study of American politics is merely a subfield of comparative politics. While this is quite sensible (and appropriate), American politics is treated as a separate subfield in the United States. In terms of issues and approache

81
Q

What is international relations

A

Subfieldfocuses on political relations among countries, the behaviors of transnational actors and the dynamics within worldwide system of states and groups

82
Q

What is political theory

A

Subfield that focuses on ideas and debates dealing with important political questions

83
Q

The most comprehensive recent comparative survey of political culture are the

A

World values survey by Ronald Inglehart

84
Q

Political parties : where an interest group is transformed into a

A

Political party when the group attempt to capture political power directly by placing its members and governmental office

85
Q

Activities of political parties

A

1.brokers of ideas

  1. Agents of political socialization
  2. Linkage between individuals and the system
  3. Mobilization and recruitment of political activists
  4. Coordination of gov. Operations
  5. Organized sources of opposition
86
Q

Define political psychology

A

The study of the deeper psychological dynamics within the individual that affect the persons response to political stimuli

87
Q

Steps of scientific method and now it apple din polisci

A

1 question /exploring existing info and research

  1. Make a hypothesis: predicting send result
  2. Gather information and data
  3. Conclusion
88
Q

Main purpose of politicall science is to develop a set of * blank* whose objects is to increase clarity, and accuracy of understanding the political world

A

Techniques

Concepts

Approaches

89
Q

Personal thought influences

A

Affective → feelings

Cognitive → rational

Both

90
Q

Gabriel almond

A

First to develop survey

91
Q

Foot soldiers

A

activists who do the basic work of politics.

performing tasks such as communicating with citizens to promote an issue or a political leader, volunteering in a campaign, or regularly attending political rallies.

members of political parties or groups with a political mission. Most political organizations could not function effectively without foot soldiers

92
Q

Single issue activists

A

These people normally do not participate very actively in the political world, but an issue emerges that mobilizes them into a period of high-level action

93
Q

Extreme activists

A

willing to engage in extensive, unconventional political action in pursuit of their vision of an ideal political outcome that is substantially different from the existing situation.
order.

94
Q

Political leaders

A

These top political leaders are distinctive because they succeed in capturing supreme political power within a government and using it with extraordinary energy and effect (whether good or bad).

Their titles vary by country and level of government and include chairman, chancellor, dictator, governor, king, mayor, president, prime minister, and supreme leader, among other

Intro To Poli Sci (4 decks)

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