Test 2

Question 0

What is myelinization?

Answer 0

shears of myelin gradually cover individual axons and electrically insulate them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve.

Question 1

What is synaptic pruning?

Answer 1

Process by which unused or unnecessary neural pathways and connections are eliminated.

Question 2

What is object permanence?

Answer 2

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can’t be seen.

Question 3

What is temperament?

Answer 3

Inborn predispositions, such as activity level, that form the foundations of personality.

Question 4

What is meant by subjective self?

Answer 4

An infant’s awareness that she or he is a separate person who endures through time and space and can act on the environment.

Question 5

What is habituation?

Answer 5

A decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar.

Question 6

What is schematic learning?

Answer 6

Organization of experiences into expectancies, called schemas, which enable infants to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar stimuli.

Question 7

What is a holophrase?

Answer 7

Combinations of gestures and single words that convey more meaning than just the word alone.

Question 8

What are the types of reflexes, examples.

Answer 8

Adaptive reflexes: born with to ensure survival and some persist throughout life.
Primitive reflexes: reflexes controlled by primitive parts of the brain that disappear in the first year of life

Question 9

Describe the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

Answer 9

Stage in which infant use information from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world. Acquire concepts of object permanence and deferred imitation

Question 10

Provide 3 examples of how adaptive reflexes help humans survive.

Answer 10

• sucking on objects put in mouth (infancy and childhood)
• withdrawal from painful stimuli (lifespan)
• pupil adjustment to brightness (lifespan)

Question 11

Describe a newborn’s visual acuity.

Answer 11

20/200 or 20/400 (can see objects at 20ft that normal adults see at 200-400ft). Improves rapidly over the first year.

Question 12

Describe a newborn’s sense of taste.

Answer 12

They respond differentially to all 4 basic flavors.

Question 13

Describe a newborn’s sense of smell.

Answer 13

Great sense of smell, can distinguish between different personal body odours.

Question 14

Describe a newborn’s sensitivity to temperature and physical touch.

Answer 14

Best developed sense, respond to physical touch to mouth, face, hands, feet, abdomen
Respond to temperature by getting active when cold

Question 15

List five behaviours of children and five behaviours of adolescents who were rated as securely attached to their mothers in infancy.

Answer 15

Children: sociable, positive behaviours, less clinging, less aggressive, more empathetic

Adolescents: socially skilled, more intimate friendships, leaders, higher self-esteem, better grades

Question 16

Examinations of the long-term consequences of quality of attachment suggest that:

Answer 16

Both psychoanalysts and ethnologists are correct in their assumption that the attachment relationship becomes the foundation for the future social relationships

Question 17

What is attachment?

Answer 17

Emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security.

Question 18

What is synchrony?

Answer 18

A mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and a child. Mother’s response to child’s behaviours.

Question 19

What are the stages of attachment?

Answer 19

Phase 1: no focused orienting and signaling (birth-3mo); babies draw attention of others by signaling needs to anyone around.
Phase 2: focus on one or more figures (3-6mos); direct their attention seeking behaviours to few people and respond less to unfamiliar people
Phase 3: secure base behaviour (6-24mos), true attachment, proximity seeking behaviours towards primary caregivers
Phase 4: internal model (24mos+), can imagine how behaviours can affect bonds with caregivers

Question 20

What are some attachment behaviours?

Answer 20

Stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, social referencing, affect dysregulation.

Question 21

What is secure attachment?

Answer 21

Pattern of attachment in which an infant readily separates from the parent, seeks proximity when stressed, and uses the parent as a safe base for exploration

Question 22

What are the types of insecure attachment?

Answer 22

Avoidant: pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people
Ambivalent: pattern in which the infant shows little exploratory behaviour, is greatly upset when separated from the parent, and is not reassured by his or her return or efforts to comfort him
Disorganized/disoriented: pattern in which an infant seems confused or apprehensive and shows contradictory behaviour, such as moving towards the parent while looking away from them

Question 23

What is temperament?

Answer 23

Inborn predispositions, such as activity level, that form the foundations of personality

Question 24

What are the 3 types of temperament?

Answer 24

Easy: predisposition to approaching new events positively, displaying predictable sleeping and eating cycles, being generally happy, and adjusting easily to change
Difficult: predisposition for irregular sleeping and eating cycles, emotional negativity and irritability, and resistance to change
Slow-to-warm-up: predisposition for inactivity and turning away from and adjusting slowly to unfamiliar people and new experiences. Display mild signs of negativity and discomfort.

Question 25

What is the moro reflex?

Answer 25

If you make a loud noise, you’ll see a baby throw her arms out and arch her back

Question 26

What is the babinski reflex?

Answer 26

Stroke at the bottom of the foot and she will splay out her toes and then curl them

Question 27

What is erikson’s trust vs miss-trust?

Answer 27

During the first two years, the infant learns to trust the world around them or becomes cynical about social environments ability to meet his needs

Question 28

What are the factors of ambivalent attachment?

Answer 28

• the infants shows little exploratory behaviour

- the infant is greatly upset when separated from the mother and is not reassured by her return

Question 29

What are the factors of avoidant attachment?

Answer 29

• infants avoid contact with the parent

- infant shows no preference for the parent over other people

Question 30

What are the factors of disorganized/disoriented attachment?

Answer 30

• infant seems confused and apprehensive

- infant shows contradictory behaviour, such as moving toward the mother while looking away from her

Question 31

What are the factors of secure attachment?

Answer 31

• infant readily separates from the parent

- infant seeks proximity to parent when stressed and used the parent as a safe base for exploration