Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter. Atoms have subatomic particles (electrons neutrons and protons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Electron

A

Has negative charge, so little mass it doesn’t count. They surround the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neutron

A

Mass of 1amu, no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Proton

A

Positive charge, 1amu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Element

A

Pure substance that contains one type of atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have a charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Molecule

A

a group of atoms bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the four most common elements in living things

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Ions are atoms that have a charge so an iconic bond is formed when one or more electrons from one atom to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cation vs anion

A

Cation is a positive atom when it loses an electron
Anion is when an atom gains an electron so it becomes more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydrolysis vs dehydration reaction

A

Hydrolysis reaction Is adding water to break apart molecules
Dehydration reaction is taking away water to combine molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

organic molecules

A

at least (a minimum of) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

inorganic molecules

A

don’t have all three (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biomolecules

A

they’re organic molecules AKA macromolecules, carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 main biomolecules

A

carbohydrates (CHO)
lipids/fats (CHO)
proteins (CHON)
Nucleic acids (CHONP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

functions of carbs

A

carbohydrates: main source of energy in body, broken down for immediate use. They also provide structure in plants, fungi, and some animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

functions of lipids

A

lipids break down energy for long term energy storage. they provide thermal insulation for some animals, they play structural role in membranes, and they’re important in nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of proteins

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

taking away water to combine molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

adding water to separate water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

H20 molecule

A

Oxygen at top with partial negative, to covalent bonds connecting to 2 hydrogen atoms with slight positive charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

the electrons are attracted to oxygen and hydrogen differently so it can’t be non-polar but it spends more time with the oxygen atom so it’s more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do hydrogen bonds work

A

the negativeness and positiveness of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other so they form bonds. each water molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds (two oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

special properties of water and why

A

because water molecules are polar they can form hydrogen bonds which is why high surface tension, high specific temp, adhesion, and cohesion work

26
Q

High specific heat

A

the amount of heat one gram of a substance has to absorb or lose to change by one degree celsius –> means that water needs a lot of energy for hydrogen bonds to break and turn into gas

27
Q

high surface tension

A

how difficult or easy it is to break the surface of a liquid. Because of the amount of hydrogen bonds, water has a high surface tension

28
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between molecules of the same substance (water is extremely cohesive because of hydrogen bonds)

29
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction between molecules of different substances (ie water to leaf) this is when the hydrogen bonds, bond to something else (like molecules on the leaf).

30
Q

Why is ice less dense than water

A

hydrogen bonds are frozen in ice and they’re frozen in a structure separated from each other. However, in liquid they can break and reconnect closely.

31
Q

How does the pH scale work

A

measurement system to indicate how many positive hydrogen atoms are in a solution –> goes from 0-14. The higher the H+, the lower the pH (more acidic) the lower the H+, the more basic it is-> the higher pH it is

32
Q

Solutions

A

A uniform mixture of two or more substances

33
Q

Solute:

A

substance being disolved

34
Q

solvent

A

substance that is the dissolving agent, substance the solute dissolves in.

35
Q

solution

A

solute dissolved in solvent
ex. ice tea, solute-power
solvent-water

36
Q

monomer of carbs

A

monosacchrides

37
Q

monomers of lipids (structure)

A

trick question, they don’t have. their building blocks are glycerol and fatty acid

38
Q

monomers of proteins (structure)

A

amino acids

39
Q

monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

40
Q

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides–> meaning

A

mono is the monomer version (simplest) eg. glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharides and polysaccharides are two or more monosaccharides linked together

41
Q

3 categories of lipids

A

fats, waxes, and oils,
steroids,
phospholipids

42
Q

saturated fat

A

saturated is straight, has as many hydrogen atoms as possible (all Cs are taken) these are usually solid at room tempurature bc they stack well

43
Q

unsaturated fat

A

not straight, has double bonds, liquid at room temp (don’t stack well)

44
Q

what are phospholipids

A

phospholipids are a category of lipids, they have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

45
Q

hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

A

the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (scared of water) (in two layer membrane they face in) and phosphate head is hydrophilic (water loving)

46
Q

structure of an amino acid

A

carbon in center, hydrogen on top and R (variable) on bottom, Nitrogen to left with two hydrogens and carbon to right with double bond oxygen on top and OH to left of carbon

47
Q

How many amino acids and what bond

A

there are 20 different types of amino acids and they bond to each other with peptide bonds

48
Q

what factors affect proteins

A

a diferent pH and temp from what it’s ideal causes denaturation

49
Q

primary, secondary, and teriary lquaternary structures

A

primary is just a chain of amino acids with peptide bonds, secondary is the chain folding in on itself into sheets or helixes, (tertiary is folding pattern with other polypeptide), quaternary is protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain in its final 3d shape

50
Q

mono & poly of nucleic acids (elements)

A

nucleotides is the monomer form, polymer form are DNA and RNA
CHONP

51
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

store genetic coding

52
Q

Why are enzymes important

A

Enzymes are important because they speed up the reaction time by lowering the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur

53
Q

Characteristics of enzymes

A

Induced fit model- when a substrate binds and the active sight will slightly change/adjust its shape to “hug” the substrate to produce the products
Lock and key model- only a specific substrate can bind to a specific enzyme like a lock and key

54
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Building a larger macromolecule through a chemical reaction (dehydration synthesis)

55
Q

Digestion reaction

A

Breaking down a larger macromolecule through a chemical reaction (hydrolysis reaction)

56
Q

Activation energy and symbol

A

The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Big E small a
Ea

57
Q

Factors that affect enzymes

A

pH and temperate if it’s anywhere that’s not it’s normal it will denature
Example: if it’s used to pH in stomach and travels to throat, it will denature bc it has too much or little pH

58
Q

Denaturation

A

The bonds holding the 3D shape together break causing the protein to break

59
Q

Function of nucleic acids

A

Code for our traits and store our genetic info

60
Q

Mono and polysaccharides of carbs and their functions

A

Glycogen is how animals store excess glucose
Starch is how plants store excess glucose
Cellulose provides structure for plant cell walls

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions