Test 2 Flashcards
Matter
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass
Atom
The basic unit of matter. Atoms have subatomic particles (electrons neutrons and protons)
Electron
Has negative charge, so little mass it doesn’t count. They surround the nucleus
Neutron
Mass of 1amu, no charge
Proton
Positive charge, 1amu
Element
Pure substance that contains one type of atom
Ions
Atoms that have a charge
Molecule
a group of atoms bonded together
What are the four most common elements in living things
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Ionic bonds
Ions are atoms that have a charge so an iconic bond is formed when one or more electrons from one atom to another
Cation vs anion
Cation is a positive atom when it loses an electron
Anion is when an atom gains an electron so it becomes more negative
Hydrolysis vs dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis reaction Is adding water to break apart molecules
Dehydration reaction is taking away water to combine molecules
organic molecules
at least (a minimum of) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen together
inorganic molecules
don’t have all three (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) together
Biomolecules
they’re organic molecules AKA macromolecules, carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
4 main biomolecules
carbohydrates (CHO)
lipids/fats (CHO)
proteins (CHON)
Nucleic acids (CHONP)
functions of carbs
carbohydrates: main source of energy in body, broken down for immediate use. They also provide structure in plants, fungi, and some animals.
functions of lipids
lipids break down energy for long term energy storage. they provide thermal insulation for some animals, they play structural role in membranes, and they’re important in nerves
Functions of proteins
dehydration synthesis
taking away water to combine molecules
hydrolysis reaction
adding water to separate water
H20 molecule
Oxygen at top with partial negative, to covalent bonds connecting to 2 hydrogen atoms with slight positive charge.
why is water a polar molecule
the electrons are attracted to oxygen and hydrogen differently so it can’t be non-polar but it spends more time with the oxygen atom so it’s more negative
How do hydrogen bonds work
the negativeness and positiveness of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other so they form bonds. each water molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds (two oxygen)
special properties of water and why
because water molecules are polar they can form hydrogen bonds which is why high surface tension, high specific temp, adhesion, and cohesion work
High specific heat
the amount of heat one gram of a substance has to absorb or lose to change by one degree celsius –> means that water needs a lot of energy for hydrogen bonds to break and turn into gas
high surface tension
how difficult or easy it is to break the surface of a liquid. Because of the amount of hydrogen bonds, water has a high surface tension
Cohesion
attraction between molecules of the same substance (water is extremely cohesive because of hydrogen bonds)
Adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances (ie water to leaf) this is when the hydrogen bonds, bond to something else (like molecules on the leaf).
Why is ice less dense than water
hydrogen bonds are frozen in ice and they’re frozen in a structure separated from each other. However, in liquid they can break and reconnect closely.
How does the pH scale work
measurement system to indicate how many positive hydrogen atoms are in a solution –> goes from 0-14. The higher the H+, the lower the pH (more acidic) the lower the H+, the more basic it is-> the higher pH it is
Solutions
A uniform mixture of two or more substances
Solute:
substance being disolved
solvent
substance that is the dissolving agent, substance the solute dissolves in.
solution
solute dissolved in solvent
ex. ice tea, solute-power
solvent-water
monomer of carbs
monosacchrides
monomers of lipids (structure)
trick question, they don’t have. their building blocks are glycerol and fatty acid
monomers of proteins (structure)
amino acids
monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides–> meaning
mono is the monomer version (simplest) eg. glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharides and polysaccharides are two or more monosaccharides linked together
3 categories of lipids
fats, waxes, and oils,
steroids,
phospholipids
saturated fat
saturated is straight, has as many hydrogen atoms as possible (all Cs are taken) these are usually solid at room tempurature bc they stack well
unsaturated fat
not straight, has double bonds, liquid at room temp (don’t stack well)
what are phospholipids
phospholipids are a category of lipids, they have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails
hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (scared of water) (in two layer membrane they face in) and phosphate head is hydrophilic (water loving)
structure of an amino acid
carbon in center, hydrogen on top and R (variable) on bottom, Nitrogen to left with two hydrogens and carbon to right with double bond oxygen on top and OH to left of carbon
How many amino acids and what bond
there are 20 different types of amino acids and they bond to each other with peptide bonds
what factors affect proteins
a diferent pH and temp from what it’s ideal causes denaturation
primary, secondary, and teriary lquaternary structures
primary is just a chain of amino acids with peptide bonds, secondary is the chain folding in on itself into sheets or helixes, (tertiary is folding pattern with other polypeptide), quaternary is protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain in its final 3d shape
mono & poly of nucleic acids (elements)
nucleotides is the monomer form, polymer form are DNA and RNA
CHONP
function of nucleic acids
store genetic coding
Why are enzymes important
Enzymes are important because they speed up the reaction time by lowering the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur
Characteristics of enzymes
Induced fit model- when a substrate binds and the active sight will slightly change/adjust its shape to “hug” the substrate to produce the products
Lock and key model- only a specific substrate can bind to a specific enzyme like a lock and key
Synthesis reaction
Building a larger macromolecule through a chemical reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Digestion reaction
Breaking down a larger macromolecule through a chemical reaction (hydrolysis reaction)
Activation energy and symbol
The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Big E small a
Ea
Factors that affect enzymes
pH and temperate if it’s anywhere that’s not it’s normal it will denature
Example: if it’s used to pH in stomach and travels to throat, it will denature bc it has too much or little pH
Denaturation
The bonds holding the 3D shape together break causing the protein to break
Function of nucleic acids
Code for our traits and store our genetic info
Mono and polysaccharides of carbs and their functions
Glycogen is how animals store excess glucose
Starch is how plants store excess glucose
Cellulose provides structure for plant cell walls
