Test 2 Flashcards
what does the neurotransmitter act on?
the adjacent neuron to stimulate, inhibit, or change activity.
control skeletal muscle and parasympathetic effects called?
parasympathetic receptor
what do tranquilizers do?
calm/relax animal
what do sedatives do?
cause sleepiness/reduced awareness
what are stimulates used to treat?
cardiac and respiratory arrests
control sympathetic effects can also be referred to as?
sympathetic receptors
True or false. anti cholergic agents are used mostly for small animal reduced secretions and reduced GI motility risk inducing choke and colic events in L.A
True
Benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam) is what kind of drug?
controlled
what is the adverse effect of dexmedomide?
hypertension with a reflex bradycardia
T or F. never reverse the bradycardia with atropine and glycopyrrolate - you could induce a cardiac arrest if you do.
True
what is step 3 of pathway?
pain perception
what is step 2 of pain pathway?
transmissions
what is step 1 of pain pathway?
transduction
what is opioid analgesics used to treat?
pain or prevent pain, provide sedation
what are opioids classified as?
controlled drugs
what are 3 major opioid receptors?
mu, kappa, delta
mu agonists produce what?
strongest analgesia
kappa agonists produce what?
weaker analgesia
t or f. opioids are very safe drugs if used properly and should never be with held if plan is a concern in the patient.
true
what should fentanyl doses be measured in?
micrograms instead of milligrams
what is the duration effect of buprenorphine?
8-12hrs
T or F. benpenorphine has a long acting SQ injectable option that lasts 72hrs.
true
buprenorphine does not cause what?
nausea and vomiting
how can general anesthesia be achieved?
short acting injectable anesthetic
what are short acting injectable anesthetic drugs?
propofol, alfaxolone
t or f. propofol should be discarded 24hrs after opening, due to risk of bacterial growth with repeated needle puncture.
true
is propofol is effective beyond the 24hrs?
yes
at normal dosage alfaxalone has no…
cardiovascular effects
ketamine is a?
controlled substance
t or f. tiletamine is commonly seen in use in small animal practice
false
what is tiletamine commonly used in?
exotics practice, or zoo and wildlife settings
what is the most common gas anesthetic in veterinary medicine?
isoflurane
what is the MAC values for isoflurane?
dogs: 1.3%
cats: 1.6%
what is the MAC values for sevoflurane?
dogs: 2-2.4%
cats: 2.5-4%
some injectable drugs that we use to premedication protocols and induction protocols sparing meaning?
they reduce the amount of inhalant anesthetic the patient will require to maintain anesthesia.
isoflurane has a?
pungent smell
recurrent seizures are referred to as?
epilepsy
recurrent seizures of a unknown cause are referred to as?
idiopathic epilepsy
what refers to the state of being in the seizure activity and is often used to describe prolonged seizure activity?
status epilepticus
phenobarbital is a?
controlled substance
what cannot have repeats on prescription?
phenobarbital
diazepam is a?
controlled substance
potassium bromide is an anti-seizure for?
dogs only
what are the 3 classes of anti-depressants?
tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
what are SSRIs in vet med?
fluoxetine (Prozac, reconcile)
what’s a human drug that is occasionally used in extra label in pets?
paroxetine (paxil)
behavioural modifying meds that are long term use include?
SSRIs, TCAs, MAOs, Gabapentin
Behavioural modifying meds that are meant for situations/occasional use only includes?
benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, trazodone, gabapentin
the cns is divided into what 2 categories?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
what is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the sympathetic nervous system?
serotonin
behaviour modifying drugs such as SSRIs and TCAs exert their effects but doing what?
mimicking serotonin
what is the ideal oral medication for long term use in preventing seizure event is epileptics?
phenobarbital
what is the main side effect we see with opioid use?
spastic/erratic movement
in the case of an opioid overdose, what is the appropriate reversal agent?
Naloxone
what is true regarding xylazine?
long lasting alpha 2 agonist
what is detomidine?
alpha 2 agonist used in horses
what opioid is available as a slow release transdermal patch?
fentanyl
what opioids in its standard injectable formulation has the longest duration of action?
buprenorphine
what drug is a sedative/tranquilizer and provides analgesia?
dexmedetomide
what is true regarding potassium bromide?
anti-epileptic medication, that is usually used as an adjunct in therapy
a cat is premeditated with dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and butorphanol. they are induced with propofol. which of the drugs is a controlled substance?
butorphanol and ketamine
clomipramine is a TCA that is primarily used to treat senility in aging patients. T or F?
False
