Test 2 Flashcards
RAAS
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
What is the second leading cause of preventable death
Hypertension
Where does renin come from
Kidney
What is angiotensin 1
It is a weak vasoconstrictor
Part of the RAAS formed after angiotensinogen and renin form
What receptor is responsible for sensing pressure
Baroreceptors
Found in aorta and carotid
How do kidneys regulate blood pressure
Via retention or excretion of sodium and water by renin angiotensin aldosterone system
What is the recommended daily intake of sodium
1500 mg a day
What does aldosterone do
Retains water
What is the normal bmi
18-25
How do you calculate the cardiac output
Co= stroke volume x heart rate
What are some hormones that effect blood pressure
Epinephrine and norepinephrine released by adrenal glands
Vasoconstriction and increase heart rate
What is a normal BP
120/80
What is considered elevated or pre hypertension
120-129/<80
Stage 1 hypertension
130-139/80-89
Stage 2 hypertension
Greater than 140/ >90
Hypertensive crisis
> 180/>120
What are four main side effects from hypertension
Chronic vascular disease
Chronic kidney disease
Cerebral vascular disease (stroke)
Heart failure (hypertrophy in certain chambers)
What are the two types of hypertension
Essential
Most common
Not caused by something else
Secondary
Caused by specific disease raising bp
What can high blood pressure cause to the vessels
Micro tears leading to build up of plaques
What is the recommended level for total cholesterol
less than 200mg/dl
What would you like the LDL at
less than 100mg/dl
What is the recommended level for HDL
greater than 40mg/dl
What is the reason why LDL is considered the bad cholesterol
This will transport cholesterol through the blood stream releasing some to be engulfed by macrophages turning them in to foam cells which will blanket the vessel wall building up
What is the main drug class used to treat hyperlipidemia
Statins
What would you like your triglyceride levels to be
less than 150 mg/dl
What is the main action of statins
They are stopping the synthesis of cholesterol from the liver.
Are the risk factors of race/ ethnicity, activity level, obesity, smoking history, stress, diet and family history play a role in having hypertension?
Yes all those are risk factors for essential hypertension
Including being over age 60
What are some risk factors for secondary hypertension
Pregnancy, kidney disease, Cushings disease( excessive glucocorticoids)
Medications, tumors
What is one of the biggest overlooked health issue
Hypertension
Has no signs or symptoms that can be seen till too late.
When assessing a patient with hypertension what do you asses for
History family and personal for risk factors for hypertension
Labs for compromised organ damage
Kidney insufficiency ( can cause kidney damage leading to increase in BUN as well as creatine)
What signs and symptoms would be present in the case of extreme hypertension
Dizzy, headache, lightheaded, vision changes, fatigue, shortness of breathe, renal insufficiency.
How many readings do you need before you can be classified as having hypertension as a medical issue
2 readings on two separate days
EKG
Electrocardiogram
Reads the electrical impulses that the heart does to conduct contraction
Echo
Echocardiogram
Looks at the volume during each contraction to see the chambers and stroke volume.
What is the acronym for medication treatment of hypertension
ABCDD
What does ABCDD stand for
A= ACE inhibitors
B= Beta blockers
C= Calcium channel blockers
D= Diuretics
D= Diet
