TEST 16: The Client with Health Problems of the Integumentary System Flashcards
The Client with Burns
1. There has been a fire in an apartment building. All residents have been evacuated, but many
are burned. Which clients should be transported to a burn center for treatment? Select all that apply.
1. An 8-year-old with third-degree burns over 10% of his body surface area (BSA).
2. A 20-year-old who inhaled the smoke of the fire.
3. A 50-year-old diabetic with first- and second-degree burns on his left forearm (about 5% of
his BSA).
4. A 30-year-old with second-degree burns on the back of his left leg.
5. A 40-year-old with second-degree burns on his right arm (about 10% of his BSA).
The Client with Burns
1. 1, 2, 3. Clients who should be transferred to a burn center include children under age 10 or
adults over age 50 with second- and third-degree burns on 10% or greater of their BSA, clients
between ages 11 and 49 with second- and third-degree burns over 20% of their BSA, clients of any
age with third-degree burns on more than 5% of their BSA, clients with smoke inhalation, and clients
with chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart or kidney disease.
CN: Management of care; CL: Analyze
- The nurse is assessing an 80-year-old client who has scald burns on the hands and both
forearms (first- and second-degree burns on 10% of the body surface area). What should the nurse do
first? - Clean the wounds with warm water.
- Apply antibiotic cream.
- Refer the client to a burn center.
- Cover the burns with a sterile dressing.
- The nurse should have the client transported to a burn center. The client’s age and the extent
of the burns require care by a burn team and the client meets triage criteria for referral to a burn
center. Because of the age of the client and the extent of the burns, the nurse should not treat the burn.
Scald burns are not at high risk for infection and do not need to be cleaned, covered, or treated with
antibiotic cream at this time.
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Synthesize
- The nurse should have the client transported to a burn center. The client’s age and the extent
- During the emergent (resuscitative) phase of burn injury, which of the following indicates that
the client is requiring additional volume with fluid resuscitation? - Serum creatinine level of 2.5 mg/dL (221 μmol/L).
- Little fluctuation in daily weight.
- Hourly urine output of 60 mL.
- Serum albumin level of 3.8 (38 g/L).
- Fluid shifting into the interstitial space causes intravascular volume depletion and decreased
perfusion to the kidneys. This would result in an increase in serum creatinine. Urine output should be
frequently monitored and adequately maintained with intravenous fluid resuscitation that would be
increased when a drop in urine output occurs. Urine output should be at least 30 mL/h. Fluid
replacement is based on the Parkland or Brooke formula and also the client’s response by monitoring
urine output, vital signs, and CVP readings. Daily weight is important to monitor for fluid status. Little
fluctuation in weight suggests that there is no fluid retention and the intake is equal to output.
Exudative loss of albumin occurs in burns, causing a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure. The
normal serum albumin is 3.5 to 5 g/dL (35 to 50 g/L).
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Analyze
- Fluid shifting into the interstitial space causes intravascular volume depletion and decreased
- A client is admitted to the hospital after sustaining burns to the chest, abdomen, right arm, and
right leg. The shaded areas in the illustration indicate the burned areas on the client’s body. Using the
“rule of nines,” estimate what percentage of the client’s body surface has been burned. - 18%.
- 27%.
- 45%.
- 64%.
- According to the rule of nines, this client has sustained burns on about 45% of the body
surface. The right arm is calculated as being 9%, the right leg is 18%, and the anterior trunk is 18%,
for a total of 45%.
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Apply
- According to the rule of nines, this client has sustained burns on about 45% of the body
- The nurse is caring for a client with severe burns who is receiving fluid resuscitation. Which
of the following indicates that the client is responding to the fluid resuscitation? - Pulse rate of 112.
- Blood pressure of 94/64.
- Urine output of 30 mL/h.
- Serum sodium level of 136 mEq/L (136 mmol/L).
- Ensuring a urine output of 30 to 50 mL/h is the best measure of adequate fluid resuscitation.
The heart rate is elevated, but is not an indicator of adequate fluid balance. The blood pressure is
low, likely related to the hypervolemia, but urinary output is the more accurate indicator of fluid
balance and kidney function. The sodium level is within normal limits.
CN: Physiologic adaptation; CL: Evaluate
- Ensuring a urine output of 30 to 50 mL/h is the best measure of adequate fluid resuscitation.
- Which of the following activities should the nurse include in the plan of care for a client with
burn injuries to be carried out about one-half hour before the daily whirlpool bath and dressing
change? - Soak the dressing.
- Remove the dressing.
- Administer an analgesic.
- Slit the dressing with blunt scissors.
- Removing dressings from severe burns exposes sensitive nerve endings to the air, which is
painful. The client should be given a prescribed analgesic about one-half hour before the dressing
change to promote comfort. The other activities are done as part of the whirlpool and dressing change
process and not one-half hour beforehand.
CN: Reduction of risk potential; CL: Synthesize
- Removing dressings from severe burns exposes sensitive nerve endings to the air, which is
- The client with a major burn injury receives total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The expected
outcome is to: - Correct water and electrolyte imbalances.
- Allow the gastrointestinal tract to rest.
- Provide supplemental vitamins and minerals.
- Ensure adequate caloric and protein intake.
- Nutritional support with sufficient calories and protein is extremely important for a client
with severe burns because of the loss of plasma protein through injured capillaries and an increased
metabolic rate. Gastric dilation and paralytic ileus commonly occur in clients with severe burns,
making oral fluids and foods contraindicated. Water and electrolyte imbalances can be corrected by
administration of IV fluids with electrolyte additives, although TPN typically includes all necessary
electrolytes. Resting the gastrointestinal tract may help prevent paralytic ileus, and TPN provides
vitamins and minerals; however, the primary reason for starting TPN is to provide the protein
necessary for tissue healing.
CN: Pharmacological and parenteral therapies; CL: Evaluate
- Nutritional support with sufficient calories and protein is extremely important for a client
- An advantage of using biologic burn grafts such as porcine (pigskin) grafts is that they:
- Encourage the formation of tough skin.
- Promote the growth of epithelial tissue.
- Provide for permanent wound closure.
- Facilitate the development of subcutaneous tissue.
- Biologic dressings such as porcine grafts serve many purposes for a client with severe
burns. They enhance the growth of epithelial tissues, minimize the overgrowth of granulation tissue,
prevent loss of water and protein, decrease pain, increase mobility, and help prevent infection. They
do not encourage growth of tougher skin, provide for permanent wound closure, or facilitate growth
of subcutaneous tissue.
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Apply
- Biologic dressings such as porcine grafts serve many purposes for a client with severe
- Which of the following factors would have the least influence on the survival and
effectiveness of a burn victim’s porcine grafts?1. Absence of infection in the wounds. - Adequate vascularization in the grafted area.
- Immobilization of the area being grafted.
- Use of analgesics as necessary for pain relief.
- Analgesic administration to keep a burn victim comfortable is important but is unlikely to
influence graft survival and effectiveness. Absence of infection, adequate vascularization, and
immobilization of the grafted area promote an effective graft.
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Evaluate
- Analgesic administration to keep a burn victim comfortable is important but is unlikely to
- The nurse should plan to begin rehabilitation efforts for the burn client:
- Immediately after the burn has occurred.
- After the client’s circulatory status has been stabilized.
- After grafting of the burn wounds has occurred.
- After the client’s pain has been eliminated.
- Rehabilitation efforts are implemented as soon as the client’s condition is stabilized. Early
emphasis on rehabilitation is important to decrease complications and to help ensure that the client
will be able to make the adjustments necessary to return to an optimal state of health and
independence. It is not possible to completely eliminate the client’s pain; pain control is a major
challenge in burn care.
CN: Basic care and comfort; CL: Synthesize
- Rehabilitation efforts are implemented as soon as the client’s condition is stabilized. Early
- During the early phase of burn care, the nurse should assess the client for?
- Hypernatremia.
- Hyponatremia.
- Metabolic alkalosis.
- Hyperkalemia.
- Immediately after a burn, excessive potassium from cell destruction is released into the
extracellular fluid. Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte imbalance in the burn client that occurs
within the first week after being burned. Metabolic acidosis usually occurs as a result of the loss of
sodium bicarbonate.
CN: Reduction of risk potential; CL: Analyze
- Immediately after a burn, excessive potassium from cell destruction is released into the
- Which of the following clients with burns will most likely require an endotracheal or
tracheostomy tube? A client who has: - Electrical burns of the hands and arms causing arrhythmias.
- Thermal burns to the head, face, and airway resulting in hypoxia.
- Chemical burns on the chest and abdomen.
- Secondhand smoke inhalation.
- Airway management is the priority in caring for a burn client. Tracheostomy or
endotracheal intubation is anticipated when significant thermal and smoke inhalation burns occur.
Clients who have experienced burns to the face and neck usually will be compromised within 1 to 2
hours. Electrical burns of the hands and arms, even with cardiac arrhythmias, or a chemical burn of
the chest and abdomen is not likely to result in the need for intubation. Secondhand smoke inhalation
does influence an individual’s respiratory status but does not require intubation unless the individualhas an allergic reaction to the smoke.
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Analyze
- Airway management is the priority in caring for a burn client. Tracheostomy or
- A client is receiving fluid replacement with lactated Ringer’s after 40% of the body was
burned 10 hours ago. The assessment reveals temperature 36.2°C, heart rate 122, blood pressure
84/42, Central venous pressure (CVP) 2 mm Hg, and urine output 25 mL for the last 2 hours. The IV
rate is currently at 375 mL/h. Using the SBAR (Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation)
technique for communication, the nurse calls the health care provider with a recommendation for: - Furosemide (Lasix).
- Fresh frozen plasma.
- IV rate increase.
- Dextrose 5%.
- The decreased urine output, low blood pressure, low CVP, and high heart rate indicate
hypovolemia and the need to increase fluid volume replacement. Furosemide is a diuretic that should
not be given due to the existing fluid volume deficit. Fresh frozen plasma is not indicated. It is given
for clients with deficient clotting factors who are bleeding. Fluid replacement used for burns is
lactated Ringer’s solution, normal saline, or albumin.
CN: Management of care; CL: Synthesize
- The decreased urine output, low blood pressure, low CVP, and high heart rate indicate
- After the initial phase of the burn injury, the client’s plan of care will focus primarily on:
- Helping the client maintain a positive self-concept.
- Promoting hygiene.
- Preventing infection.
- Educating the client regarding care of the skin grafts.
- The inflammatory response begins when a burn is sustained. As a result of the burn, the
immune system becomes impaired. There are a decrease in immunoglobulins, changes in white blood
cells, alterations of lymphocytes, and decreased levels of interleukin. The human body’s protective
barrier, the skin, has been damaged. As a result, the burn client becomes vulnerable to infections.
Education and interventions to maintain a positive self-concept would be appropriate during the
rehabilitation phase. Promoting hygiene helps the client feel comfortable; however, the primary focus
is on reducing the risk for infection.
CN: Safety and infection control; CL: Synthesize
- The inflammatory response begins when a burn is sustained. As a result of the burn, the
- The rate at which IV fluids are infused is based on the burn client’s:
- Lean muscle mass and body surface area (BSA) burned.
- Total body weight and BSA burned.
- Total BSA and BSA burned.
- Height and weight and BSA burned.
- During the first 24 hours, fluid replacement for an adult burn client is based on total body
weight and BSA burned. Lean muscle mass considers only muscle mass; replacement is based on total
body weight. Total surface area is estimated by taking into account the individual’s height and weight.
Height is not a common variable used in formulas for fluid replacement.
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Apply
- During the first 24 hours, fluid replacement for an adult burn client is based on total body
- The nurse is conducting a focused assessment of the gastrointestinal system of a client with a
burn injury. The nurse should assess the client for: - Paralytic ileus.2. Gastric distention.
- Hiatal hernia.
- Curling’s ulcer.
- Curling’s ulcer, or gastrointestinal ulceration, occurs in about half of the clients with a burn
injury. The incidence of ulceration appears proportional to the extent of the burns, and the ulceration
is believed to be caused by hypersecretion of gastric acid and compromised gastrointestinal
perfusion. Paralytic ileus and gastric distention do not result from hypersecretion of gastric acid and
stress. Hiatal hernia is not necessarily a potential complication of a burn injury.
CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Analyze
- Curling’s ulcer, or gastrointestinal ulceration, occurs in about half of the clients with a burn
- In the acute phase of burn injury, which pain medication would most likely be given to the
client to decrease the perception of the pain? - Oral analgesics such as ibuprofen (Motrin) or acetaminophen (Tylenol).
- Intravenous opioids.
- Intramuscular opioids.
- Oral antianxiety agents such as lorazepam (Ativan).
- The severe pain experienced by burn clients requires opioid analgesics. In addition,
opioids such as morphine sedate and alleviate apprehension. Oral analgesics such as ibuprofen or
acetaminophen are unlikely to be strong enough to effectively manage the intense pain experienced by
the client who is severely burned. Because of the altered tissue perfusion from the burn injury,
intravenous medications are preferred. Antianxiety agents are not effective against pain.
CN: Pharmacological and parenteral therapies; CL: Synthesize
- The severe pain experienced by burn clients requires opioid analgesics. In addition,
Using the Parkland formula, calculate the hourly rate of fluid replacement with lactated Ringer’s
solution during the first 8 hours for a client weighing 75 kg with total body surface area (TBSA) burn
of 40%.
_______________ mL/hour.
- 750 mL/hour. Lactated Ringer’s solution 4 mL × weight in kg × TBSA; half given over the
4 mlx 75 kg x 40 = 12,000 ml
12,000 x 50% = 6,000 ml
6,000 ml / 8 hours = 750 ml/hour
first 8 hours and half given over the next 16 hours.
CN: Pharmacological and parenteral therapies; CL: Apply
The Client with General Problems of
Integumentary System
the
19. The nurse is assessing an older adult’s skin. The assessment will involve inspecting the skin
for color, pigmentation, and vascularity. The critical component in the nurse’s assessment is noting
the:
1. Similarities from one side to the other.
2. Changes from the normal expected findings.
3. Appearance of age-related wrinkles.
4. Skin turgor.
The Client with General Problems of the Integumentary System
19. 2. Noting changes from the normal expected findings is the most important component when
assessing an older client’s integumentary system. Comparing one extremity with the contralateral
extremity (ie, comparing one side with the other) is an important assessment step; however, the most
important component is noting changes from an expected normal baseline. Noting wrinkles related to
age is not of much consequence unless the client is admitted for cosmetic surgery to reduce the
appearance of age-related wrinkling. Noting skin turgor is an assessment of fluid status, not an
assessment of the integumentary system.
CN: Health promotion and maintenance; CL: Analyze
- Which of the following changes are associated with normal aging?
- The outer layer of skin is replaced with new cells every 3 days.
- Subcutaneous fat and extracellular water decrease.
- The dermis becomes highly vascular and assists in the regulation of body temperature.
- Collagen becomes elastic and strong.
- With age, there is a decreased amount of subcutaneous fat, muscle laxity, degeneration of
elastic fibers, and collagen stiffening. The outer layer of skin is almost completely replaced every 3
to 4 weeks. The vascular supply diminishes with age. Collagen thins and diminishes with age.
CN: Health promotion and maintenance; CL: Analyze
- With age, there is a decreased amount of subcutaneous fat, muscle laxity, degeneration of