Test 11.1 Flashcards
cell
The basic unit of structure and function in living things
prokaryotic cell
simple, unicellular organisms that don’t have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryote (example)
bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
There are nuclei (a nucleus in each) in these cells. Larger cells, have membrane-bound organelles, appeared later in fossil record, more advance, more complex.
Eukaryote (Example)
plants, animals, fungi
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
mitochondria
-Power-house of the cell
-organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP (Energy)
cell wall
-A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
-Composed of cellulose
phospholipid bilayer
composition of cell membrane, two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail
semi permeable
characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others
hypothesis
-A testable prediction, often supported by research.
biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
ecosystem
A community of living organisms and their abiotic environment
population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
community
All the different populations that live together in an area
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
nucleic acids (Function)
stores and transmits genetic information
nucleic acid (Monomer)
nucelotide
protein function
builds and repairs muscle, body movement, defend against germs or viruses, speeds up chemical reactions
lipids function
-long term energy storage stored as fat
-makes up cell membranes
Carbohydrate (Function)
short term energy storage, main source of energy, makes up the cell wall of plants
Carbohydrate (Examples)
sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose
Carbohydrate (Monomer)
monosaccharide
starch function
short-term energy storage in plants
glycogen function
short-term energy storage in animals
cellulose
component of plant cell walls
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
polymer
molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
homeostasis
the balance and maintenance of constant internal conditions
positive feedback loop
Feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction.
negative feedback loop
A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
response
An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.
effector
An organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses from the brain.
set point
he “normal” range that an environmental parameter is to be controlled. (Body temp, blood sugar levels)
cell theory
-idea that all living things are composed of cells,
-cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
-new cells are produced from existing cells
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
diffusion
-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
-Requires NO ENERGY!
concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
golgi apparatus
passageways were chemicals are made
vacuole
sac that stores water waste products and nutrients.
Denaturation (enzymes)
when you heat proteins up to much and they break apart.
endoplasmic reticulum.
stack of membranes that packages chemicals
centriole
structure that organizes motion of chromosomes
lysosome
package created by the golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
tubules and filaments that give the cell its shape
nuclear membrane
membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleus
vesicle
sac filled with digestive chemicals
nucleolus
structure that manufactures ribosomes.
enzymes
proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies
