Cell Cycle Quiz- Cell Division Flashcards
What is the purpose of cell division? What is it used for?
All multicellular organisms use cell division for growth and the maintenance and repair of cells and tissues. Single-celled organisms use cell division as their method of reproduction.
What happens to a cell’s surface area to volume ratio as it grows
Therefore, as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases
How do plant and animal cells differ in terms of cell division?
In plants, a new cell wall is formed between the two new daughter cells, whereas in animal cells, the cell membrane of the parent’s cell forms a cleavage to produce two new daughter cells.
DNA- Cell Cycle
DNA’s unique structure enables the molecule to copy itself during cell division
Centromere- Cell Cycle
plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis). Specifically, it is the region where the cell’s spindle fibers attach
Chromosomes- Cell Cycle
they make sure dna is accurately copied and distributed in the vast majority of cell divisions.
Chromatin- Cell Cycle
chromatin impacts cell cycle events like origin firing and chromosome segregation at mitosis
Sister chromatids- Cell Cycle
To pass on a complete set of chromosomes to all the daughter cells formed as a result of cell division. During mitosis, they are attached to each other through the centromere
After a cell goes through the cell cycle how do the chromosomes of the resulting cells compare to the original cell?
Each daughter cell will have half of the original 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids.
What are the three major checkpoints?
one near the end of G1, a second at the G2/M transition, and the third during metaphase
What distinguishes cancerous cells from normal cells?
Cancer cells keep dividing
Cancer cells grow too rapidly to mature
Cancer cells may spread to other parts of the body
Normal cells stop reproducing once enough cells are present; cancer cells reproduce uncontrollably, even when there are enough cells.
What does it mean to metastasize?
The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body.
What is a Tumor?
An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.
What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and do not spread.
Malignant tumors can grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body.
What is the purpose of interphase?
The cell grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division.
What are the phases of interphase and what is their order?
G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth).
What is the purpose of M phase?
Cell Division
What are the phases of M/ Mitosis phase and what is their order?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What is the purpose of mitosis?
to separate the genome and ensure that the two daughter cells inherit an equal and identical complement of chromosomes
Interphase- g1
the cell grows in preparation for DNA replication, and certain intracellular components, such as the centrosomes undergo replication. G1 is the phase when this cellular monitoring takes place.
Interphase- S
is the phase of the cell cycle when DNA packaged into chromosomes is replicated.
Interphase-G2
a time for the cell to ensure that it is ready to proceed in the cell cycle.
G2 can be thought of as a safety gap during which a cell can check to make sure that the entirety of its DNA and other intracellular components have been properly duplicated.
In addition to acting as a checkpoint along the cell cycle, G2 also represents the cell’s final chance to grow before it is split into two independent cells during mitosis.
Prophase
the cell starts to break down some structures and build others up, setting the stage for division of the chromosomes.
The chromosomes start to condense
The mitotic spindle begins to form
The nucleolus disappears
Metaphase
the spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up at the middle of the cell, ready to divide.
Anaphase
the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
Each is now its own chromosome. The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
Microtubules not attached to chromosomes elongate and push apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer.
Telophase
the cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place.
The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks.
Two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear.
The chromosomes begin to decondense and return to their “stringy” form.
