Test 10/22 Flashcards
What was the Avignon Papacy?
Pope Benedict XI’s successor was Clement V in 1305, who brought the Papacy to Avignon in 1307 to be on good terms with King Philip IV of France, and it stayed there until 1378.
With the Papacy now in Avignon, France now essentially had control over the Church.
When and what was the Edwardian Phase of the Hundred Years’ War?
1337-1360
King Edward III of England, son of Henry III and Isabella of Valois (daughter of Philip IV) wants the French throne after Philip had died, but the throne, by French Salic law (Primogeniture), could not be inherited by/through a woman. This was different than English law, as women could rule. Then, after both Henry III and Philip IV had died, Edward begins his rule in England but not in France. So he began to raise money and troops to invade France (he made tapestries to advertise his cause for nobility of England).
Edward invades north France via boats in 1337, and they only land in France in 1339 due to the transportation and winters.
What and when was the Battle of Crecy?
1346: About 5,000 English and 10,000 French. Only 40 English die while 1,500 French are killed. The English establish the city of Calais, which was the most northern (and therefore closest to England) city. It became an English port/military garrison.
How did the Edwardian Phase end?
The Treaty of Bretigny by Edward and John II (the new king of France):
Edward renounced the French throne, but he keeps Aquitaine, Brittany, and Calais. Thus it was an English victory.
When and what was the Caroline Phase of the Hundred Years’ War?
1369-1389
King Charles V of France wanted to reclaim the lost territories that Edward III took.
Edward’s son, Edward the Black Prince, had a war against the Burgundians and thus raised the taxes in Aquitaine. The people of Aquitaine go to Charles about the issue, and so he wants Edward the Black Prince to come to Paris to work things out.
Edward the Black Prince refuses and Charles takes back the territories in response, reigniting the Hundred Years’ War.
How did the Caroline Phase end?
1389:
Treaty of Leulingham by Richard II of York (age 23) and Charles VI of France (age 17):
Both sides needed to stop fighting due to issues with the Black Plague and the Great Schism of the West. There was no clear win to this phase, as it ended with a mutual peace of 27 years to let the countries recoup.
What and when was the Black Plague?
1347-1353
A deadly disease that killed off 40-50 million (out of the 80 million) people in Europe.
What and when was the Lancastrian Phase of the Hundred Years’ War?
1415-1453
Richard II had claim to the English throne via blood, while Henry IV had claim by politics. Henry IV captured and imprisons Richard II, starving him to death.
Henry IV’s successor was Henry V, who who inherited the throne at age 23.
When does Henry V invade France/What were the events leading up to the Battle of Agincourt?
1413: Henry V invades Frances because the French king, Charles VI at the time was weak due to his mental health. He had about 8,000 men with him when they captured the port city, Harfleur, where they had a siege for 8 weeks. Then the men began to grow sick and weak, and soon enough only 4,000 of them remained.
What was the Battle of Agincourt?
The English troops of about 6,000 men were trying to get to Calais when they encountered 20-30,000 French soldiers.
How is the Battle of Agincourt won, and which side was victorious?
Henry V set up his troops in an arc shape so the French soldiers would be forced to funnel in.
The men on the sides of the arc had stakes in the ground behind them, marking where they could not pass as to not retreat.
The longbow men were stationed behind the cavalry. When the French soldiers were only about 300 yards away, the arrows rained down, killing 1/3-1/2 of their troops, while only 400-1400 of the English were killed. Some accounts say that there were so many arrows that even the sun was blocked out.
The English were by far the winners of this battle.
What was the French’s response to the Battle of Agincourt?
1420: Charles VI’s wife, Isabell, makes the Treaty of Troyes with Henry V in Charles’s name. The terms of the treaty were:
- Henry can marry Catherine, Charles’s daughter.
- He becomes the king of France.
- Henry’s eldest son will also inherit the French throne.
Who was Joan of Arc?
She was born in Domremy in a poor family. She was planned to marry young, but then she started having visions at age 11 that she would free France from the English grasp.
What did Joan of Arc do at age 17 in 1429?
She finally clearly learns of her mission, that she was going to get Charles VII (son of Charles VI) coronated as the true king of France.
How does Joan of Arc prove that she’s sent by God?
The noblemen and Charles VII were meeting south of Orleans to plan their next course of action. Joan also went there, disguised as a poor boy.
Rumors started to spread around the noblemen that there was some girl around supposedly sent by God to help get Charles coronated.
To test this, Charles and one of his noblemen swapped positions to see if Joan would be able to tell who was the real king.
Once Joan entered the meeting, she immediately went over to Charles and said that she’d take him to Reims to be coronated.
They then go through 2 months of testing Joan to be fully certain that she was legitimate and sent by God. Once that was established, Joan and Charles set off to Reims, stopping by Orleans on the way.
