Test 1 - Taxonomy Systematics and Phylogeny

Question 1

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 1

A hierarchical system of grouping and naming organisms based on shared characteristics.

Question 2

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships

Answer 2

Systematics

Question 3

What two organizational systems are used in Systematics?

Answer 3

Cladistics and Phylogenetic systematics

Question 4

What does Taxonomy provide?

Answer 4

A common language to communicate about organisms without the confusion of common names.

Question 5

What did Aristotle do?

Answer 5

Divided living things into animals, plants, and later, units called genera.

Question 6

What do we call the positions in the classification system?

Answer 6

Taxonomic level or rank

Question 7

What are the taxonomic ranks?

Answer 7

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species (epithet)

Question 8

What did Carl Woese do in the 1970’s?

Answer 8

Used molecular data to organize life into 3 domains. Based on evolutionary relationships instead of traits.

Question 9

Specific group of organisms at a taxonomic rank. (single and pl.)

Answer 9

Taxon, taxa

Question 10

Plural of Phylum and genus

Answer 10

Phyla and genera

Question 11

Kingdom Animalia is an example of what type of naming system?

Answer 11

Binomial nomenclature

Question 12

What is the correct way to write binomial nomenclature?

Answer 12

Capital letter on the first name, lowercase on the next. All italicized or underlined.

Question 13

Prokaryotic kingdoms

Answer 13

Kingdom bacteria and Kingdom Archaebacteria

Question 14

Eukaryotic kingdoms

Answer 14

Kingdom Plantae, Fungi, Animalia and Protists

Question 15

Used to be classified as a kingdom. What is it and what are they actually?

Answer 15

1. Protists
2. Supergroup of Eukaryotes

Question 16

These are not considered living organisms

Answer 16

Viruses

Question 17

Provides information about evolutionary relationships

Answer 17

Domains

Question 18

Types of Domains

Answer 18

1. Domain Archaea
2. Domain Bacteria
3. Domain Eukarya

Question 19

Traits that evolve within a group

Answer 19

Derived characteristics

Question 20

Traits evolved before the group

Answer 20

Ancestral characteristics

Question 21

4 types of phenotypes

Answer 21

Morphology, physiology, behavior and DNA

Question 22

Species closely related to, but not a member of the group of study.

Answer 22

Outgroup

Question 23

What represents relationships better than phenotypes

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

How are relationship diagramed?

Answer 24

With a phylogenetic tree or cladogram

Question 25

Where the branches of a cladogram intersect.

Answer 25

Nodes

Question 26

Sister groups

Answer 26

Connected by a node

Question 27

What is a Clade?

Answer 27

Monophyletic group

Question 28

Includes:
Recent common ancestors
All descendants

Answer 28

Monophyletic group

Question 29

Paraphyletic group includes:

Answer 29

Recent common ancestor
Not it’s descendants

Question 30

Polyphyletic group (does not) include:

Answer 30

Most recent common ancestors

Question 31

Shared character trait not inherited from common ancestors

Answer 31

Homoplasy

Question 32

Convergent evolution

Answer 32

Similar traits in organisms not closely related

Question 33

Structures that evolve through convergent evolution

Answer 33

Analogous structures

Question 34

What’s an example of an analogous structure?

Answer 34

Wings in birds and insects

Question 35

The simplest explanation

Answer 35

Parsimony