test 1- skills Flashcards
Why is skill classification needed?
To ensure the most appropriate method of practice is selected
what is the definition of a skill?
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
what is an open skill?
- environment is unpredictable and changing
- player must make decisions before the skill is in progress
what is a closed skill?
- environment is predictable and unchanging
- decision is made before executing the skill
what is a gross skill?
large muscles are used e.g. weightlifting
what is a fine skill?
smaller, intricate muscle groups e.g. pistol or rifle shooting
what is a self paced skill?
the performer controls the speed at which the skill is performed & when its started
What is an externally-paced skill?
the performer has no control over the speed of the skill or when to start e.g. a sailor must react to sound of starting horn and their speed is dictated by the wind
what is a simple skill?
requires very few decisions or thought during execution
what is a complex skill?
requires many decisions before executing the skill and during the skills
what is a low organised skill?
- easily broken down into subroutines
e.g. swimming stroke can be broken down into arm action, leg action and body action
what is a highly organised skill?
- not easily broken down into subroutines e.g. a golf swing
what is a discrete skill?
- skill has a distinct beginning and end
- one sharp action
e.g. a basketball free throw
what is a serial skill?
several discrete skills linked together e.g. a trampoline routine
what is a continuous skill?
- no clear beginning
- the end of one cycle is often the start of the next e.g. front crawl swimming action
what are the three categories of things to consider when choosing how to practice?
- the task e.g. the nature of the skill, the physical and mental demands of the skill
- the performer e.g. age, ability, stage of learning
- the environment e.g. space available, time, danger
what is whole practice?
The task is presented in its entirety with sub-routines in tact
what kind of skills is whole practice good for?
- fast
- closed
- simple
- highly organised skills can only be practiced with whole practice as cannot be broken down
advantages of whole practice:
- brings about realism (in comp season swimming is done in whole practice)
- fluency - feel of the skill
- understanding
- keeps links between subroutines
- builds mental image
- builds entire motor programmes
- could argue that any skill will benefit from whole practice as needs to be done successfully in comp
disadvantages of whole practice:
- can be too much info at once (especially for less experienced)
- could be beyond the capabilities of the performer
what is whole-part-whole practice?
- practice the skill in its entirety
- then isolate a part or weakness to work on before putting it back into the whole skill
Advanatages of whole-part-whole practice
- used for skills with low organisation
- good if performer has a weakness
- gives feedback and error correction
- helps to motivate and maintains the feel of the skill
- good for serial skills e.g. a trampoline routine
disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice
- must know how to do the skill to begin with
- takes a long time to learn the skill and then improve each individual part
what is progressive part practice?
when each part of the skill is added gradually
what skills is progressive part practice good for?
serial
complex
dangerous
a new task
easily broken down (low organisation)
advantages of progressive part practice
- good for building fitness for the entire routine
- builds the fluency for the entire skill
- good way of learning a routine without performer being overloaded
what is massed practice?
a repeated practice of a skill where there are no or little recovery periods between blocks of practice
what kind of skills is massed practice good for?
- discrete (distinct beginning and end)
- simple
- closed
- highly organised (not easily broken down)
- self-paced
advantages of massed practice?
- forms motor programs
- increases fitness
- enhances over learning
- good for habitual responses
- efficient
disadvantages of massed practice:
- no time for feedback
- fatigue
- too demanding
-could be dangerous
what is distributed practice?
rest intervals between sessions
when should distributed practice be used?
when the skill is:
- continuous
- complex
- low organised (can be broken down)
- serial
- externally paced
advantages of distributed practice:
- allows recovery
- less mental pressure
- allows mental rehearsal/feedback
- reduces danger
disadvantages of distributed practice
- time consuming
- time maybe managed ineffectively as rest periods could be longer than working periods
- may be boring
what is varied practice?
a type of practice where the skills and drills are changed
when should varied practice be used?
when the skill is:
- complex (easy part at first then add)
- open
- externally paced
advantages of varied practice
- gives motivation
- allows adaption
- builds a schema
disadvantages of varied practice
- time consuming
- possibility of a negative transfer
- fatigue
- too demanding
what is mental practice?
Going over the skill in your head without doing the movement
what are the two ways of mental practice?
internal - emotions
external - mental picture of environment
advantages of mental practice
- improves reaction time
- builds motor programmes
- builds confidence
- controls anxiety
disadvantages of mental practice
- environment must be calm
- must be correct!
what are the three stages of learning?
- the cognitive stage
- the associative stage
- the autonomous phase
characteristics of the cognitive stage of learning:
- movement may lack coordination
- may include mistakes
- MOTOR PROGRAMME NOT DEVELOPED
- trial and error may be used
- performer needs to think while using feedback
characteristics of the associative stage of learning:
- MOTOR PROGRAMMES START TO BE FORMED
- movement is smoother
- practice is used to perfect movement
- movements are compared to a more perfect model
characteristics of the autonomous stage of learning:
- MOTOR PROGRAMMES ARE FORMED
- task completed with efficiency and attention to detail
- expert level
- movement may be second nature (subconscious motor programme retrieval and movement completion: fast and cannot be adjusted)
what are some benefits of feedback?
- builds confidence/motivates
- corrects errors (directly improves performance)
- makes the stimulus-response bond stronger which makes skills habitual
- gives reinforcement which promotes repetition
what is the difference between intrinsic feedback for autonomous learners and cognitive learners
both get intrinsic feedback but autonomous learners can understand and interpret it. Cognitive learners cannot.
how do you make feedback effective?
- give it immediately
- make sure it is relevant & understood
- make sure it is appropriate for the performer e.g. age, beginner
- make sure it is accurate
- set SMART targets as well as feedback
what is positive transfer?
the learning of one skill positively influences the learning of another
how to cause positive transfer?
- the coach can point out similarities
- use positive reinforcement e.g. praise transfers, show planned progression
- point out similar information processing requirements
- teach similar skills together
what is negative transfer?
the learning of one skill inhibits the learning of another
what are the causes of negative transfer?
- misunderstanding
- when a familiar stimulus requires a different response
- skills appear similar but are not
- conflicting skills are Hugh/coached together
how to prevent negative transfer?
- draw attention to differences
- thouroughly learn skills
- avoid teaching conflicting things together
- do not overload
what is zero transfer?
the learning of a skill has no impact on another
what is bilateral transfer?
the transfer from one side of the body to another (e.g the left to the right)
e.g. kicking football with right foot when you usually kick with left foot
what is visual guidance?
a demonstration of what to do
advantages of visual guidance
- creates mental image for performer
- shows performer what to avoid by highlighting weaknesses
- can be used for large groups
- builds motor programme
disadvantages of visual guidance
- learner must be capable of copying
- must be accurate and clear to prevent wrong actions from being learned
what is verbal guidance
an explanation of what to do
