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A Level PE > energy systems > Flashcards

energy systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
    The only usable form of chemical energy in the body.
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2
Q

what happens in the ATP-PC/alactic system

A
  • phosphocreatine is used as a fuel to resynthesises ATP
  • when ATP is broken down by the enzyme ATPase, ADP is left along with an inorganic phosphate and energy.
  • This energy is used for muscle contraction
  • Then PC is broken down by creatine kinase (when ATP levels fall) to form creatine, a phosphate ion and energy.
  • This then enables resynthesis of ATP so that more energy can be made.
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3
Q

Advantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • ATP can be resynthesised quickly
  • no fatiguing by-products
  • PC stores can be re-synthesised quickly (3 mins= 100%) -> quick recovery?
  • enables quick and powerful energy
  • it is possible to extend the time the ATP-PC system can be utilised through the use of creating supplementation
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4
Q

Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • only a limited store of PC in the muscle cell (can only last up to 8 seconds)
  • only one mole of ATP can be resynthesised for every mole of PC
  • PC re-synthesis can only take place in the presence of oxygen
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5
Q

what is the fuel for the ATP-PC system?

A

phosphocreatine

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6
Q

what is the reaction site for the ATP-PC system?

A

the sarcoplasm

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7
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

The process which breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid

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8
Q

what is lactate dehydrogenase?

A

The enzyme that converts and buffers pyruvic acid into lactic acid

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9
Q

what is phosphofructokinase

A

The enzyme that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid

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10
Q

summary of the method of the lactic acid system

A
  • muscle/liver glycogen is broken down by glycogen phosphate into glucose.
  • glucose is then broken down in the process of glycolysis by the enzyme phosphofructokinase into pyruvic acid -> this produces 2 ATP
  • Pyruvic acid is then broken down by lactate dehydrogenase into lactic acid
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11
Q

what is the fuel used for the lactate anaerobic system?

A

glucose/glycogen

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12
Q

site of reaction for the lactate anaerobic system

A

sarcoplasm

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13
Q

how many moles of ATP are produced per mole of fuel? in the lactate anaerobic system

A

2

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14
Q

what is the lactate threshold?

A

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood. It is where the predominant energy system switches from aerobic to anaerobic

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15
Q

what is lactate sampling?

A

a process that can measure the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood.

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16
Q

what are the 5 factors which affect lactate accumulation

A

1) exercise intensity
2) muscle fibre type - slow twitch muscle fibres break down glycogen more efficiently and therefore produce less lactic acid
3) rate of blood lactate removal - if it is being removed at the same rate that it is being produced, levels will remain constant
4) respiratory exchange ratio - the ratio of CO2 produced compared to o2 consumed
5) fitness of the performer - trained performer has increased myoglobin content, mitochondrial density allowing a greater aerobic capacity and delaying the lactate threshold.

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17
Q

what is acetyl co A?

A

what happens to pyretic acid in the presence of oxygen. If oxygen is not present then pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid

18
Q

advantages of the aerobic energy system?

A
  • has a long duration
  • has a high energy yield (1:38)
  • has no fatiguing by products
  • can use fat-> which produces more energy per mole, and using fat enables glycogen stores to be saved therefore these can be used for higher intensity exercise in the lactic acid system
  • increased ATP resynthesis
  • decreased recovery time as less lactic acid is produced
19
Q

disadvantages of the aerobic energy system?

A
  • can only be used at moderate/low intensity
  • slow energy creation due to having to wait for the oxygen delivery
20
Q

what is the energy continuum?

A

a term which describes the type of respiration used by physical activities.

21
Q

explain the aerobic energy system method:

A
  • glycolysis occurs
  • if there is sufficient oxygen, pyruvic acid becomes acetyl coA which then forms citric acid(6 carbons)
  • Citric acid then enters the krebs cycle which produces h20, C02 and hydrogen and electron pairs
  • the hydrogen and electron pairs enter the electron transport system which produces H20 and 34ATP
22
Q

what is indirect calorimetry?

A
  • a method of measuring energy expenditure.
  • it measures how much CO2 is produced and how much oxygen is consumed at both rest and during aerobic exercise.
23
Q

what 2 outcomes can be found out through using indirect calorimetry?

A
  • REE (resting energy expensiture) which can tell an athlete how much they need to eat
  • Respiratory quotient (REQ)
24
Q

what are measurements of VO2 max?

A
  • multistage fitness test, cooper’s 12 minute run however these only give an indication
  • direct gas analysis is done in a lab and is much more reliable
25
Q

what is direct gas analysis?

A

measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of carbon dioxide that is expired.
- Tests include increasing intensities on a treadmill, cycle ergometer or rowing machine

26
Q

advantages of the lactic acid system?

A
  • don’t need to wait for the delay of oxygen delivery as glycogen is already in the muscles
  • allows high intensity exercise
  • has a longer duration than the ATP-PC system (45 seconds-2 mins)
27
Q

what is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed.
- it is used to measure exercise intensity
- calculating this will determine which of the energy sources is being oxidised and whether the performer is working aerobically or anaerobically

28
Q

how does RER determine which fuel source is being used?

A

An RER close to 1 = performer using carbs
An RER of approx 0.7= performer using fats
An RER of greater than 1 = anaerobic respiration

29
Q

how does lactate sampling benefit a performer?

A
  • can measure exercise intensity
  • can measure the level of fitness -> the later the lactate threshold, the fitter the performer
  • allows the performer to select relevant training zones in order to get desired training effects
  • regular lactate sampling can show if improvements are occurring -> if tests show lower lactate levels at the same intensity of exercise, the performer has developed a higher lactate threshold
30
Q

disadvantages of the lactic acid system

A
  • has a short duration
  • lactic acid is a by-product -> increases recovery time
  • energy yield is inefficient (1:2)
  • not as quick as the ATP-PC system
31
Q

what factors may affect the proportion of each energy system used during an activity?

A
  • the intensity it is done at
  • the duration of the activity
32
Q

what is beta-oxidation?

A

how fat is broken down to produce energy

33
Q

what are the 6 main factors which contribute to EPOC

A
  • resaturating myoglobin with oxygen
  • removal of lactic acid
  • replace hormone levels
  • resynthesis of muscle PC stores (and ATP)
  • elevated heart rate and breathing rate
  • elevated body temp
34
Q

what is EPOC?

A
  • the excess O2 consumed following exercise
35
Q

what is the oxygen debt/deficit?

A

the difference between the oxygen required during the exercise and the oxygen consumed during the exercise

36
Q

what are the main 2 components of EPOC?

A
  • Alactic
  • lactic
37
Q

what is the Alactic (fast ) component?

A
  • Alactic recovery involves the conversion of ADP back into PC and ATP
  • restoration of muscle PC
  • restoration of muscle myoglobin with oxygen
38
Q

what happens in the slow component of EPOC?

A
  • Lactic acid recovery
  • full recovery takes up to an hour
39
Q

what is the fate of lactic acid during recover?

A
  • 65% is converted into CO2 and H2O
  • 20% is converted into glycogen and stored in the lover and muscles
  • 10% is converted into protein
  • 5% is converted into blood glucose
40
Q

how are muscle ATP and PC restored in the fast Alactic component?

A
  • aerobic conversion of carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water to resynthesises ATP through the Krebs cycle
  • some ATP is utilised immediately to create phosphocreatine
  • small amounts resynthesised via glycogen producing small amounts of lactic acid
41
Q
A

A Level PE (13 decks)

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