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BIO 211 Test 1 > test 1 review prep > Flashcards

test 1 review prep Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of endocrine system

  1. Reproduction
  2. ? and Development
  3. ? Balance of blood
  4. ? Balance of blood
  5. ? balance in blood
  6. Regulation of cellular ?
  7. Regulation of cellular ? balance (Cellular Respiration)
  8. Mobilization of ? system
A

growth, water, electrolyte, nutrient, metabolism, energy, immune

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2
Q

Endocrine system is ? than Nervous system

A

slower

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3
Q

endocrine system initiates responses ? and has ? duration responses. it activates via ? at ? locations. the hormones act over ? distances

A

slower, long, hormones, diffuse, long

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4
Q

water soluble:
- use ? ? systems
- all ? ? based hormones (except TH) are water soluble and cannot diffuse across ? cell membrane

A

second messenger, amino acid, lipid

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5
Q

fat soluble hormones:
- use ? ? activation

A

direct gene

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6
Q
  1. Water soluble hormone, ? messenger, binds to ? on plasma membrane of target cell
  2. ? receptor sets off a series of reactions (?) that activates Cyclic AMP
  3. Cyclic AMP activates protein ?
  4. Water soluble protein hormones cause intracellular ? cascade that has a huge amplification effect
  5. Number of product molecules ? dramatically so that a single hormone can generate millions of final product molecules
A

first, receptor, activated, cascade, kinase, enzymatic, increase

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7
Q
  1. ? Soluble, ? hormones and ? hormones use intracellular receptors to
    stimulate Direct Gene Activation.
  2. They diffuse through ? ? into target cells and bind with intracellular receptors forming hormone-receptor complex that diffuses into the nucleus.
  3. The receptor binds to specific region of DNA and “turns on” a gene that initiates DNA ? and ? to produce a specific protein
A

lipid, steroid, thyroid, plasma membrane, transcription, translation

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8
Q

? stimuli is the changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

A

humoral

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9
Q

? stimuli is when nervous impulse stimulate hormone release

A

neural

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10
Q

? stimuli occurs when many endocrine glands release their hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands

A

hormonal

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11
Q

Most Synthesis and Release of Hormones is Controlled by ? Feedback Systems

A

negative

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12
Q

Cyclic AMP second-messenger mechanism of water-soluble hormones order:
? binds to receptor
receptor activates ? protein
G protein activates ? cyclase
adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ? (2nd messenger)
cAMP activates protein ?

A

hormone, G, adenylate, cAMP, kinases

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13
Q

target cells are those cells with ? for the ?.

A

receptors, hormone

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14
Q

In General, Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are ? in plasma because they are derived from cholesterol. Steroid hormones circulate in blood bound to plasma proteins and have a ? (longer/shorter) half-life bc all steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

A

insoluble, longer

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15
Q

In General, Protein hormones are ? in plasma. Protein hormones circulate without protein carriers and protein hormones are water soluble and have the ? half-life

A

soluble, shortest

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16
Q

synergistic (?), antagonistic (? effects), or permissive (one hormone ? the action of another)

A

together, opposing, amplifies/enabling

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17
Q

Hyposecretion of TH:
 Hyposecretion of TH in adults
Can lead to ? also called ? thyroiditis

 Symptoms of Myxedema include:
Low ? rate, Low BP, Low ?, Feeling chilled, Constipation, Mental sluggishness

 If Hyposecretion of TH due to iodine deficiency in diet is called an ? Goiter
A goiter may develop and Thyroid gland enlarges

 Hyposecretion in infants is called ? ? = Cretinism
Mother’s lack of iodine during gestation results in cretinism

A

myxedema, hashimotos, metabolic, HR, Endemic, Congenital Hyperthyroidism

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18
Q

Hypersecretion of TH:
 Most common type of Hypersecretion of TH is ? disease an Autoimmune disease

 Body makes abnormal ? that mimic TSH; abnormal antibodies stimulate thyroid gland to release TH at hyper elevated rates

 Symptoms of Graves’ disease include
Elevated metabolic rate, Rapid heartbeats, Exophthalmos = eyes protrude

 Thyroid Gland secretes Calcitonin in response to high Ca blood levels = Humoral response

 Calcitonin stimulates osteoblast and Ca⁺ to move into the bone which ↓ Ca⁺ levels in
blood

 ? to parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Graves, antibodies, antagonist

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19
Q

functions of blood:
1. ?
2. ?
3. Protection

A

transportation, regulation

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20
Q

components of blood in a centrifuged blood sample are

A

55% plasma, 45% blood (erythrocytes), <1% formed elements (buffy coat)

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21
Q

pH of blood is

A

7.35-7.45

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22
Q

Blood is the Internal ? System

A

transport

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23
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes is called the

A

hematocrit

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24
Q

blood is the only ? ? ? in the body

A

fluid connective tissue

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25
Q

Fluid Matrix is nonliving fluid called ?

A

plasma

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26
Q

Normal Hematocrit values: Males ~ ?% and Females ~ ?%

A

47, 42

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27
Q

? = too few RBCs; ? = too many RBCs

A

anemia, polycythemia

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28
Q

viscous means

A

sticky

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29
Q

blood is denser than

A

water

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30
Q

If RBC count is ? normal, then there is an ↑ viscosity ↓ blood flow ↑ risk of blood clots
IF RBC count is ? normal, then there is an ↓ viscosity ↑ blood flow ↓ risk of blood clots

A

above, below

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31
Q

Volume of Blood: Males ? L and Females? L

A

5-6, 4-5

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32
Q

Plasma protein, ?, produced in liver, makes up 60% of plasma proteins
albumin Functions as
1. Blood ?
2. Contributes to plasma osmotic pressure

A

albumin, buffer

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33
Q

characteristics of components of blood:
Only ? are complete cells that have nuclei
? have no nuclei or other organelles
? have no nuclei; are cell fragments of ?

A

WBC’s, RBC’s, platelets, megakaryocytes

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34
Q

Hemoglobin is a ?

A

protein

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35
Q

Structural Characteristics of Erythrocytes:

  • no ?, allowing them to change shapes
  • ? shape
  • thin membrane
  • contain ?
  • their membrane is a ? bilayer
  • have a cytoskeleton
A

nucleus, biconcave, hemoglobin, lipid

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36
Q

Function of Erythrocytes
RBCs transport respiratory ?
? binds reversibly with oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

gases, hemoglobin

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37
Q

hemoglobin is for ? transport, specifically ?

A

gas, oxygen

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38
Q

heme (a ? colored pigment in blood that contains ?) is responsible for the transportation of ? molecules and ? ? through the bloodstream

A

red, iron, oxygen, carbon dioxide

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39
Q

? is essential in making hemoglobin and transporting ?

A

iron, oxygen

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40
Q

globin’s primary function is to transport oxygen to the body’s ?

A

tissues

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41
Q

The primary function of oxygen in blood is to transport ? and make ?

A

oxygen, energy

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42
Q

RBC’s carry ? ? from tissues to the lungs for exhalation

A

carbon dioxide

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43
Q

? (ruby red)
? (dark red)

A

oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin

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44
Q

? is a compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin that transports ? ? in the blood

A

carbaminohemoglobin, CO2

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45
Q

? is the blood cell production process

A

Hematopoiesis

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46
Q

Stem cells in the red bone marrow that give rise (secrete) to all formed elements are called ?

A

hemocytoblasts

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47
Q

Hormones and Growth Factors
1. RBC hormone = ?
2. WBC hormone = ? and CSF
3. Platelets hormone = ?

A

erythropoietin, interleukins, thrombopoietin

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48
Q

? is the process by which ?, also known as erythrocytes, are produced in the body

Balance is important because
1. Too few RBCs lead to ? (O₂ deprivation in TISSUES)
2. Too many RBCs ↑ blood viscosity ↓ Blood Flow ↑ risk of blood clots

A

Erythropoiesis, RBC’s, hypoxia

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49
Q

? stem cells are precursors to the other lines of blood cells: erythrocytes, ? (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and ?

A

myeloid, granulocytes, platelets

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50
Q

? are ? red blood cells (RBCs) that are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream

A

reticulocytes, immature

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51
Q

Hormonal control = ? (EPO)

EPO stimulates formation of RBCs
hypoxia in kidney (liver) → EPO → ? Bone Marrow → to produce ?

A

erythropoietin, red, RBC’s

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52
Q

Dietary reqs for RBC production:

1
2
3
4
5
6

A

amino acid, b12, copper, C, folic acid, iron

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53
Q

Removal: ? in the spleen and liver remove old or ? RBCs from circulation.

Breakdown: The ? in the RBCs is broken down into heme and globin.

Recycling: The ? protein may be recycled or broken down into amino acids, which may also be recycled or metabolized

A

macrophages, damaged, hemoglobin, globin

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54
Q

? = Blood’s O₂ carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism

A

anemia

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55
Q

1.? Anemia = lack of EPO due to kidney failure

  1. ?-? anemia
    Iron intake low or cannot absorb Iron in intestines. Cannot produce hemoglobin
  2. ? anemia = lack of intrinsic factor (autoimmune disease of elderly)
    Intrinsic factor needed to absorb B₁₂ in small intestines. B₁₂ needed to help RBCs multiply in red bone marrow. Treatment = B₁₂ injections
  3. ? Anemia = too many RBCs destroyed
    RBCs rupture or lyse prematurely

5.?-? anemia results from mutated hemoglobin protein called Hemoglobin S = HbS

A

renal, iron-deficiency, pernicious, hemolytic, sickle-cell

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56
Q

? is abnormal excess of rbc’s which leads to an ↑ blood viscosity ↓blood flow which causes ↑ risk of blood clotting

A

polycythemia

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57
Q

WBC’s:
characterized by their ability to move through tissue to reach ? sites, have a distinct ?, and are produced in the bone ?

A

infection, nucleus, marrow

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58
Q

leukocytes or WBCs Protect body from
?, ?, ?, Toxins, Tumor cells

A

bacteria, viruses, parasites

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59
Q

WBC’s from complex to simple:
?: Most abundant WBC, first responders to infection, fight bacteria and fungi.
?: Primarily responsible for viral defense, producing antibodies through B cells and direct cell killing through T cells.
?: “Garbage collectors” that engulf and digest debris and pathogens.
?: Primarily target parasites and allergic reactions.
?: Release histamine, contributing to allergic reactions.

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, basophil

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60
Q
  1. Granulocytes (Gregory never eats basil)
    Contain visible ? granules and shorter-lived
  2. Agranulocytes
    Do not contain visible ? granules

Granulocytes
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?

Agranulocytes
1. ? = B cells and T cells
2. ?

A

cytoplasmic (2x), neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes

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61
Q

The body produces more WBC’s when it’s fighting an ? or ?

A

infection, illness

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62
Q

? is the process by which WBC’s move from the bloodstream through the walls of ? and into surrounding ?

A

Diapedesis, BV, tissues

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63
Q

? means you have a high white blood cell count

A

leukocytosis

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64
Q

? ? is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (bleach and hydrogen peroxide) from different cell types

A

respiratory burst

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65
Q

? is the production of WBC’s in bone marrow

A

Leukopoiesis

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66
Q

? are a group of proteins that regulate immune responses and play a key role in the body’s defense against ?, ?, and inflammation

A

Interleukins, infection, injury

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67
Q

?-? ? (CSFs) are a group of proteins that regulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow

A

colony-stimulating factors

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68
Q

? (also known as thrombocytes) are tiny, cell-like fragments found in the blood that play a crucial role in ? ?

A

platelets, blood clotting

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69
Q

? are large, multinucleated cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets

A

Megakaryocytes

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70
Q

? (TPO) is the primary hormone that regulates ? production for blood clotting

A

thrombopoietin, platelet

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71
Q

? is a fast series of reactions to stop ? in BV wall breaks

A

hemostasis, bleeding

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72
Q

The ? pathway responds to spontaneous, internal damage of the vascular endothelium, whereas the ? pathway becomes activated secondary to external trauma.

Both meet at the common pathway to continue ?

A

intrinsic, extrinsic, coagulation

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73
Q

Platelets stay Mobile and Inactive by endothelial cell secretions
1. Platelets Remain Mobile by Nitric Oxide = causes ?
2. Platelets Remain Inactive by Prostacyclin = inhibits ? of platelets

A

vasodilation, agglutination

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74
Q

Serotonin released by platelets causes

A

vasoconstriction

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75
Q

? A2 induces platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxane

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76
Q

Clotting factors are procoagulants and are mostly plasma proteins in inactive form
1. Most clotting factors are made by ? and numbered I to XIII in order of discovery
2. Vitamin ? is a coenzyme needed to synthesize 4 clotting factors in liver
3. ? = cofactor

A

liver, K, calcium

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77
Q

Coagulation occurs in a cascade of reactions to
1. ? and ? pathway to Prothrombin activator
2. Prothrombin activator catalyzes ? to Thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyzes Fibrinogen to ?

A

intrinsic, extrinsic, prothrombin, fibrin

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78
Q

? ? is a process that occurs after a blood clot forms to stabilize the clot and promote wound healing

A

clot retraction

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79
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is released during ? healing and ? formation

A

wound, BV

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80
Q

? is plasma minus clotting proteins. ? contains your antibodies. ? can be used medically.

Ex: Rattlesnake bite: treat with antiserum containing antibodies to snake venom

A

serum (3x)

81
Q

? is the process that breaks down blood clots to prevent them from growing and causing problems

A

fibrinolysis

82
Q

? is a protein in the blood that’s converted to an active protease called ?, which breaks down blood clots

A

Plasminogen, plasmin

83
Q

? ? ? (tPA) is a protein and enzyme that helps dissolve blood clots and is used to treat a variety of conditions

A

Tissue plasminogen activator

84
Q

? is an enzyme in the blood that breaks down fibrin

A

plasmin

85
Q

? are factors that limit clot growth

  1. Antithrombin III- inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin
  2. ?- natural anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells
    ↑ activity of antithrombin III
A

anticoagulants, Heparin

86
Q

? ? ? (DIC) is a rare but serious condition that causes abnormal blood clotting throughout the body

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

87
Q

A blood clot that forms inside one of your veins or arteries is called a ?

A

thrombus

88
Q

An ? is an blockage or obstruction in a blood vessel

A

embolism

89
Q

? is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder that prevents blood from clotting properly

A

Hemophilia

90
Q

A ? ? is a medical procedure that involves transferring blood or blood components into a patient’s bloodstream through an IV

A

blood transfusion

91
Q

? is a process used in blood typing to determine a person’s blood ? by mixing their RBCs with a serum containing known ? or the clumping of donated RBCs

A

agglutination, type, antibodies

92
Q

What is a Transfusion Reaction?

Can occur if ? blood is transfused
Recipient’s plasma antibodies ? donor’s RBCs
Donated RBCs agglutinate and clog small vessels
Donated RBCs rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream and clog kidney

Transfusion Reactions Result in
1. Diminished ?-carrying capacity of transfused blood
2. Decreased ? ? beyond blocked vessel
3. hemoglobin in kidneys clog renal tubules and can lead to renal failure and death

A

mismatched, agglutinate, oxygen, blood flow

93
Q

? is a condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood

A

Thrombocytopenia

94
Q

How does Impaired Liver Function affect blood clotting?

Inability of liver to synthesize procoagulants or ? factors
? requires Vitamin ? to synthesize four clotting factors

A

clotting, liver, K

95
Q

Type ?= antigen A on RBC and anti-B antibody in plasma
Type ?= antigen B on RBC and anti-A antibody in plasma
Type ?= both antigen A & B on RBC neither anti-A / anti-B antibody in plasma
Type ?= neither antigen A nor B on RBC, both antibody anti-A and anti-B in plasma

A

A, B, AB, O

96
Q

When do anti-A antibodies or anti-B antibodies appear in the blood?
Begin to appear ? months after birth

A

2

97
Q

Remember!! It is the ? antibodies that clump and ? the donated RBCs

A

recipient’s, agglutinate

98
Q

Type A can receive type ? ? blood
Type B can receive type ? ? blood
Type AB can receive type ? ? ? ? blood = Universal ?
Type O can receive type ? blood = Universal ?

A

A, O
B, O
A, B, AB, O, recipient
O, donor

99
Q

name Rh blood groups

A

A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-

100
Q

? ? determines human blood groups

A

blood typing

101
Q

The ? circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again. (Right)

The ? circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body and back again. (left)

The ? circuit is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle. (heart muscle)

A

pulmonary, systemic, coronary

102
Q

pulmonary circuit:
Stella
Invited
Ryan
To
Rake
Pulmonary
Pulmonary
Lungs

A

SVC
IVC
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs

103
Q

systemic circuit:
Pam
Left
Money
Last
Ascending
Aorta
Baby

A

Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
Body systems

104
Q

Anastomoses provide ? routes for blood delivery
Anastomoses provide ? routes for blood delivery
Anastomoses provide ? routes for blood delivery

A

additional, collateral, alternate

105
Q

? muscle cells are found only in the heart, are typically branched, have a single central nucleus, and contract ? to pump blood, while ? muscle cells are attached to ?, have multiple nuclei, and are responsible for ? movement

A

cardiac, involuntarily, skeletal, bones, voluntary

106
Q

The order of the intrinsic conduction system is: (SABBP)
1
2
3
4
5

A

SA Node-pacemaker
AV Node-sends electrical impulses
AV Bundle- transmits impulses to heart
Bundle Branches-controls heartbeats
Purkinje fibers-electrical conduction and propagation of impulse to the ventricular muscle

107
Q

The ? conduction system of the heart regulates the heart’s rate, blood flow, and blood pressure

A

extrinsic

108
Q

? center increases HR

A

Cardioacceleratory

109
Q

? center decreases HR

A

cardioinhibitory

110
Q

Explain what happens in each wave:
P wave
QRS wave
T wave

A

P wave: atrial systole (contraction, depolarization); SA Node fires causing the P wave

QRS wave: ventricular systole (contraction, depolarization); AV Node and purkinje fibers fire causing the QRS wave (wave that reps. atrial repolarization is obscured behind the QRS wave)

T wave: ventricular diastole (relaxation, repolarization)

111
Q

cardiac cycle:
?: The heart contracts and pumps blood out.
?: The heart relaxes and refills with blood.

A

systole, diastole

112
Q

? ? refers to the process by which the heart’s ventricles (chambers) receive blood from the atria (upper chambers)

A

ventricular filling

113
Q

? contraction is a phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract, but the ? of blood in the ventricles doesn’t change

A

isovolumetric, volume

114
Q

? ? refers to the process by which the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) pump blood out of the heart

A

ventricular ejection

115
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation occurs when the ventricles generate ? pressure without changing their ?

A

negative, volume

116
Q

? ? triggers atrial systole and atria contract
Immediately after atrial systole is atrial diastole

Atrial ? pushes remaining 20% of blood into relaxed ventricle

? ? ? is the Volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

A

Atrial depolarization, systole, End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

117
Q

The ? ? sound of the heartbeat is caused by the ? of the heart’s valves as blood pumps in and out of the heart’s chambers

A

lub dup, closing

118
Q

The chemical regulation of heart rate is primarily controlled by the release of hormones like ? and ? from the sympathetic nervous system which increases heart rate, while ? released by the parasympathetic nervous system ? it down

A

NE/E, ACh, slows

119
Q

? is a deficiency of calcium in the blood

A

hypocalcemia

120
Q

? is an excess of calcium in the blood

A

hypercalcemia

121
Q

? is a deficiency of potassium in the blood

A

hypokalemia

122
Q

? is an excess of potassium in the blood

A

hyperkalemia

123
Q

Other factors that influence heart rate:

?:
Fetus has fastest HR
Declines with age; HR slowest in your prime
HR increases in elderly

?:
Females have faster HR than males

?:
Exercise ↑ HR by ↑ sympathetic nervous
Resting HR in physically fit is lower; trained athletes may be 40 bpm

? ?:
↑ body temperature↑ MBR ↑ HR
↓ body temperature ↓ MBR ↓ HR

A

age, gender, exercise, body temp

124
Q

? is a condition where the heart beats abnormally fast

A

Tachycardia

125
Q

? refers to an abnormally low HR

A

Bradycardia

126
Q

? heart failure (CHF) is a serious condition that occurs when the heart can’t pump enough ? to meet the body’s needs

A

congestive, blood

127
Q

Stroke volume = ?-?

A

EDV, ESV

128
Q

? ?, also known as pulse, is the number of times a heart beats per minute

A

heart rate

129
Q

Cardiac ? refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ? per minute above resting output

A

output, ventricle

130
Q

End-? volume is the amount of blood in the heart’s ventricles after they’ve ? with blood and before they ?

A

diastolic, filled, contract

131
Q

?-? ? is the amount of blood remaining in the heart’s ventricles at the end of the ? phase

A

end systolic volume, contraction

132
Q

? return is the rate at which blood flows from the body’s periphery thru veins back to the right ? of the heart

A

venous, atrium

133
Q

? is the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction. ? is the force or load against which the heart has to contract to eject the blood.

A

preload, afterload

134
Q

? is the ability of a muscle to ? and produce force in response to a stimulus

A

contractility, shorten

135
Q

?? is the amount of extra blood the heart can pump per minute above its resting output

A

cardiac reserve

136
Q

? inotropes strengthen the force of the heartbeat. ? inotropes weaken the force of the heartbeat.

A

+, -

137
Q

? chronotropes increase heart rate; ? chronotropes decrease heart rate

A

+, -

138
Q

? ? is a measure of the activity of the vagus nerve

A

vagal tone

139
Q

? glands produce non-hormonal substances such as sweat, Saliva, and Digestive Enzymes. ? glands have ? to carry secretion to membrane ? of body or lumen w/in body

A

exocrine, exocrine, ducts, surface

140
Q

? glands are ductless glands that produce ?. Hormones secreted into IF (ECF) and move into BVs, transported through cardiovascular system to ? cell

A

endocrine, hormones, target

141
Q

? produces and releases hormones to Anterior and Posterior Pituitary Glands

A

hypothalamus

142
Q

?
1. Stimulates smooth muscle in uterus for uterine contractions during childbirth
2. Stimulates smooth muscles in mammary tissue for milk ejection, milk letdown
3. Secreted at orgasm, nursing, petting your dog/all promotes nurturing, bonding, trust

A

Oxytocin = OT

143
Q

?
1. Stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb water; water leaves tubule and moves into BV
2. Results in ↑blood volume ↑blood pressure ↓urine volume (prevents dehydration)
3. ↑ BP by causing vasoconstriction and called Vasopressin = ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone = ADH

144
Q

?
1. Stimulates liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues to grow; stimulates mitosis
2. Anabolic hormone = tissue building = stimulates protein synthesis and growth
3. Mobilizes fatty acids for energy = use glycerol for gluconeogenesis; ↑ glucose in blood
4. Metabolizes CHO and Lipids to ↑glucose in blood
5. Stimulates liver to secrete IGFs which promotes growth

A

Growth Hormone = GH

145
Q

?
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
a. Glucocorticoids = cortisol
b. Gonadocorticoids = Androgens = testosterone; estrogen

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone = ACTH

146
Q

? (Gonadotropin)
1. Stimulates ovulation of egg from ovary
2. Stimulates ruptured follicles to form corpus luteum which then secretes estrogen and progesterone
3. Stimulates testis to produce testosterone → testosterone stimulates sperm production

A

Luteinizing hormone = LH

147
Q

?
1. Stimulates and maintains milk production

A

Prolactin = PRL

148
Q

?
1. Promotes normal oxygen use; controls rate at which glucose is “burned” or oxidized to produce ATP + HEAT in cellular respiration
2. All cells have receptors for T₃ T₄
3. ↑T₃ ↑T₄ ↑MBR ↓T₃ ↓ T₄ ↓MBR
4. Enhances effects of sympathetic nervous system
5. Promotes normal body temperature
6. Promotes normal glucose catabolism. O₂ use and heat increase (Cellular Respiration)
7. Mobilizes fats (FAs) for energy; use glycerol in gluconeogenesis to ↑ glucose in blood
8. Promotes normal development and function of nervous, muscular, reproductive systems
9. Promotes normal heart function and GI tract motility
10. Thyroid Gland can store T₃ and T₄ for later use

A

Thyroid hormone = T₃ and T₄

149
Q

?
↓ Blood Ca⁺ by ↑Ca⁺ deposition in bone; Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

150
Q

?
↑ Blood glucose by glycogenolysis
Targets liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose and releases glucose into the blood

A

Glucagon

151
Q

? is a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure by influencing the levels of sodium and potassium in the blood

A

Aldosterone

152
Q

? are chiefly androgens (testosterone)
1. Insignificant in males / testes produce much more androgens
2. Contributes to female libido
3. Development of pubic and axillary hair
4. Source of estrogen in postmenopausal female

A

Gonadocorticoids

153
Q

?
1. Mimics sympathetic nervous activation
2. Increases HR, force of contraction, MBR, BP, ↑blood glucose, dilates bronchioles
3. Promotes vasoconstriction (↑BP) (dilates BV going to brain and muscles)
4. Deals with short term stress
5. Converts glycogen to glucose in liver (glycogenolysis)

A

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

154
Q

? increases insulin levels and sensitivity

A

Osteocalcin

155
Q

? ? ? is a cardiac hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure by promoting renal sodium and water excretion and stimulating vasodilation. it also decreases water retention and BP

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide = ANP

156
Q

Erythropoietin = EPO: Stimulates production of ?

A

RBC’s

157
Q

?
Effects sleep/wake cycles

A

Melatonin

158
Q

?
Found in skin, starts metabolic pathway for production of calcitriol → Vit. D₃ in kidney

A

Cholecalciferol

159
Q

?, Thymopoietins, ?
1. Development of immune system
2. Normal development and production of T lymphocyte
3. secreted by the thymus gland

A

Thymulin, Thymosins

160
Q

human ? ? = hCG
Secreted by embryo and placenta and similar to LH

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

161
Q

?
Promotes female secondary sex characteristics
Thickens the endometrium of uterine wall

A

Estrogen

162
Q

?
Quiets the uterine wall smooth muscle and maintains pregnancy
↑ Blood vessels and ↑ glands in the endometrium of uterine wall

A

Progesterone

163
Q

?
Promotes male secondary sex characteristics
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Promotes libido

A

Testosterone

164
Q

ACTH = ? Pituitary
ADH = ? Pituitary
ANP = ?
EPO = ?, liver
FSH - ? PItuitary
GH = ? Pituitary
LH ? Pituitary
NE = Adrenal ?
OT = ? Pituitary
PRL = ? Pituitary
PTH = ?
T3, T4, TH = ?
TSH = ? Pituitary

A

Anterior
Posterior
Heart
Kidney
Anterior
Anterior
Anterior
Medulla
Posterior
Anterior
Parathyroids
Thyroids
Anterior

165
Q

t/f: the posterior pituitary gland produces OT and ADH.

A

false, it only stores OT and ADH which are made and released by the hypothalamus.

166
Q

t/f: the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones and sends them to the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones.

A

true

167
Q

t/f: Inotropic agents are drugs that affect the force of heart muscle contractions.

A

true

168
Q

The ? ? law states that when the ? of blood in the ventricles increases, the heart’s stroke volume ?.

A

Frank sterling, volume, increases

169
Q

t/f- deoxygenated blood is dumped into the left atrium.

A

false, right atrium

170
Q

t/f- oxygenated blood is dumped into the left atrium.

A

true

171
Q

receiving chambers are the

A

atria

172
Q

pumping chambers are the

A

ventricles

173
Q

t/f: The fossa ovalis is the location of the flap-like opening in the heart of an infant called a patent foramen ovale

A

true

174
Q

The ligamentum arteriosum is called the ? ? in a baby

A

ductus arteriosus

175
Q

any irreguler heartbeats are called an

A

arrhythmia

176
Q

? is a very rare condition that happens when a child or adolescent has high levels of growth hormone in their body, which causes them to grow very tall

A

gigantism

177
Q

? ? is a condition that occurs when a child’s pituitary gland doesn’t produce enough ? hormone

A

pituitary dwarfism, growth

178
Q

as an adult too much GH causes

A

acromegaly

179
Q

chordae tendineae prevent ? and open the ?

A

backflow, valve

180
Q

? goes to the thyroid gland so that the TH (T3/T4) can be released.

A

TSH

181
Q

the ? is an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

pancreas

182
Q

? are hormones that regulate the function of the ovaries and testes, and are essential for sexual development, reproduction, and normal growth. the two types are ? and ?

A

gonadotropins, FSH , LH

183
Q

hormone that is the regulator of calcium

A

PTH

184
Q

thicker buffy coats indicate a potential ? and thinner coats suggest a low ? count

A

infection, WBC

185
Q

t/f- The two factors that make rapid and substantial blood loss life-threatening are the loss of blood pressure and the loss of oxygen-carrying capacity.

A

true

186
Q

agglutinate means ?
coagulate means ? ?

A

clump, blood clotting

187
Q

the fastest heart is in an
the slowest heart rate is in the

A

infant, elderly

188
Q

most hormones are stimulated by a ? stimulus

A

hormonal

189
Q

When placed in a ? solution, blood cells would ? and potentially burst due to water moving into the cell, while in a ? solution, they would ? as water moves out of the cell; in an ? solution, blood cells would remain ? as there is no net movement of water because the solute concentration is equal both inside and outside the cell

A

hypotonic, swell, hypertonic, shrink, isotonic, unchanged

190
Q

solution percentages: ?% saline sol. and ?% dextrose sol.

A

0.9, 5

191
Q

Pulmonary ? is a condition where excess fluid builds up in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe

A

edema

192
Q

A heart ? is an unusual sound in the heartbeat that occurs when blood flows abnormally through the heart

A

murmur

193
Q

Heme is degraded to green pigment ? and then to yellow pigment ? and
transported to liver. There the pigments become part of bile. Liver secretes bile into ?. Bilirubin in bile is degraded by intestinal ? and pigment changes to brown (urobilinogen) and leaves body in ?.

A

biliverdin, bilirubin, intestines, bacteria, feces

194
Q

cardiac output = ? x ?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

195
Q

myofibrils are surrounded by ?
desmosomes hold cardiac ? tg
intercalated discs connect ? between cardiac cells
gap junctions allow ions to pass thru from ? to cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, cells, junctions, cells

196
Q

atrial syncytium: both ? contrac tg
ventricular syncytium: both ? contract tg

A

atria, ventricles

197
Q

intrinsic C.S.: sets rhythm of ? ?
extrinsic C.S: modifies and ? basic heartbeat

A

basic heartbeat, alters

198
Q

FSH is for
LH is for

A

growth of ovarian follicles, estrogen release, sperm production
ovulation, testosterone production

BIO 211 Test 1 (5 decks)

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