test 1 review prep Flashcards
functions of endocrine system
- Reproduction
- ? and Development
- ? Balance of blood
- ? Balance of blood
- ? balance in blood
- Regulation of cellular ?
- Regulation of cellular ? balance (Cellular Respiration)
- Mobilization of ? system
growth, water, electrolyte, nutrient, metabolism, energy, immune
Endocrine system is ? than Nervous system
slower
endocrine system initiates responses ? and has ? duration responses. it activates via ? at ? locations. the hormones act over ? distances
slower, long, hormones, diffuse, long
water soluble:
- use ? ? systems
- all ? ? based hormones (except TH) are water soluble and cannot diffuse across ? cell membrane
second messenger, amino acid, lipid
fat soluble hormones:
- use ? ? activation
direct gene
- Water soluble hormone, ? messenger, binds to ? on plasma membrane of target cell
- ? receptor sets off a series of reactions (?) that activates Cyclic AMP
- Cyclic AMP activates protein ?
- Water soluble protein hormones cause intracellular ? cascade that has a huge amplification effect
- Number of product molecules ? dramatically so that a single hormone can generate millions of final product molecules
first, receptor, activated, cascade, kinase, enzymatic, increase
- ? Soluble, ? hormones and ? hormones use intracellular receptors to
stimulate Direct Gene Activation. - They diffuse through ? ? into target cells and bind with intracellular receptors forming hormone-receptor complex that diffuses into the nucleus.
- The receptor binds to specific region of DNA and “turns on” a gene that initiates DNA ? and ? to produce a specific protein
lipid, steroid, thyroid, plasma membrane, transcription, translation
? stimuli is the changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
humoral
? stimuli is when nervous impulse stimulate hormone release
neural
? stimuli occurs when many endocrine glands release their hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands
hormonal
Most Synthesis and Release of Hormones is Controlled by ? Feedback Systems
negative
Cyclic AMP second-messenger mechanism of water-soluble hormones order:
? binds to receptor
receptor activates ? protein
G protein activates ? cyclase
adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ? (2nd messenger)
cAMP activates protein ?
hormone, G, adenylate, cAMP, kinases
target cells are those cells with ? for the ?.
receptors, hormone
In General, Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are ? in plasma because they are derived from cholesterol. Steroid hormones circulate in blood bound to plasma proteins and have a ? (longer/shorter) half-life bc all steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
insoluble, longer
In General, Protein hormones are ? in plasma. Protein hormones circulate without protein carriers and protein hormones are water soluble and have the ? half-life
soluble, shortest
synergistic (?), antagonistic (? effects), or permissive (one hormone ? the action of another)
together, opposing, amplifies/enabling
Hyposecretion of TH:
Hyposecretion of TH in adults
Can lead to ? also called ? thyroiditis
Symptoms of Myxedema include:
Low ? rate, Low BP, Low ?, Feeling chilled, Constipation, Mental sluggishness
If Hyposecretion of TH due to iodine deficiency in diet is called an ? Goiter
A goiter may develop and Thyroid gland enlarges
Hyposecretion in infants is called ? ? = Cretinism
Mother’s lack of iodine during gestation results in cretinism
myxedema, hashimotos, metabolic, HR, Endemic, Congenital Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of TH:
Most common type of Hypersecretion of TH is ? disease an Autoimmune disease
Body makes abnormal ? that mimic TSH; abnormal antibodies stimulate thyroid gland to release TH at hyper elevated rates
Symptoms of Graves’ disease include
Elevated metabolic rate, Rapid heartbeats, Exophthalmos = eyes protrude
Thyroid Gland secretes Calcitonin in response to high Ca blood levels = Humoral response
Calcitonin stimulates osteoblast and Ca⁺ to move into the bone which ↓ Ca⁺ levels in
blood
? to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Graves, antibodies, antagonist
functions of blood:
1. ?
2. ?
3. Protection
transportation, regulation
components of blood in a centrifuged blood sample are
55% plasma, 45% blood (erythrocytes), <1% formed elements (buffy coat)
pH of blood is
7.35-7.45
Blood is the Internal ? System
transport
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes is called the
hematocrit
blood is the only ? ? ? in the body
fluid connective tissue
Fluid Matrix is nonliving fluid called ?
plasma
Normal Hematocrit values: Males ~ ?% and Females ~ ?%
47, 42
? = too few RBCs; ? = too many RBCs
anemia, polycythemia
viscous means
sticky
blood is denser than
water
If RBC count is ? normal, then there is an ↑ viscosity ↓ blood flow ↑ risk of blood clots
IF RBC count is ? normal, then there is an ↓ viscosity ↑ blood flow ↓ risk of blood clots
above, below
Volume of Blood: Males ? L and Females? L
5-6, 4-5
Plasma protein, ?, produced in liver, makes up 60% of plasma proteins
albumin Functions as
1. Blood ?
2. Contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
albumin, buffer
characteristics of components of blood:
Only ? are complete cells that have nuclei
? have no nuclei or other organelles
? have no nuclei; are cell fragments of ?
WBC’s, RBC’s, platelets, megakaryocytes
Hemoglobin is a ?
protein
Structural Characteristics of Erythrocytes:
- no ?, allowing them to change shapes
- ? shape
- thin membrane
- contain ?
- their membrane is a ? bilayer
- have a cytoskeleton
nucleus, biconcave, hemoglobin, lipid
Function of Erythrocytes
RBCs transport respiratory ?
? binds reversibly with oxygen and carbon dioxide
gases, hemoglobin
hemoglobin is for ? transport, specifically ?
gas, oxygen
heme (a ? colored pigment in blood that contains ?) is responsible for the transportation of ? molecules and ? ? through the bloodstream
red, iron, oxygen, carbon dioxide
? is essential in making hemoglobin and transporting ?
iron, oxygen
globin’s primary function is to transport oxygen to the body’s ?
tissues
The primary function of oxygen in blood is to transport ? and make ?
oxygen, energy
RBC’s carry ? ? from tissues to the lungs for exhalation
carbon dioxide
? (ruby red)
? (dark red)
oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin
? is a compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin that transports ? ? in the blood
carbaminohemoglobin, CO2
? is the blood cell production process
Hematopoiesis
Stem cells in the red bone marrow that give rise (secrete) to all formed elements are called ?
hemocytoblasts
Hormones and Growth Factors
1. RBC hormone = ?
2. WBC hormone = ? and CSF
3. Platelets hormone = ?
erythropoietin, interleukins, thrombopoietin
? is the process by which ?, also known as erythrocytes, are produced in the body
Balance is important because
1. Too few RBCs lead to ? (O₂ deprivation in TISSUES)
2. Too many RBCs ↑ blood viscosity ↓ Blood Flow ↑ risk of blood clots
Erythropoiesis, RBC’s, hypoxia
? stem cells are precursors to the other lines of blood cells: erythrocytes, ? (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and ?
myeloid, granulocytes, platelets
? are ? red blood cells (RBCs) that are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream
reticulocytes, immature
Hormonal control = ? (EPO)
EPO stimulates formation of RBCs
hypoxia in kidney (liver) → EPO → ? Bone Marrow → to produce ?
erythropoietin, red, RBC’s
Dietary reqs for RBC production:
1
2
3
4
5
6
amino acid, b12, copper, C, folic acid, iron
Removal: ? in the spleen and liver remove old or ? RBCs from circulation.
Breakdown: The ? in the RBCs is broken down into heme and globin.
Recycling: The ? protein may be recycled or broken down into amino acids, which may also be recycled or metabolized
macrophages, damaged, hemoglobin, globin
? = Blood’s O₂ carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism
anemia
1.? Anemia = lack of EPO due to kidney failure
- ?-? anemia
Iron intake low or cannot absorb Iron in intestines. Cannot produce hemoglobin - ? anemia = lack of intrinsic factor (autoimmune disease of elderly)
Intrinsic factor needed to absorb B₁₂ in small intestines. B₁₂ needed to help RBCs multiply in red bone marrow. Treatment = B₁₂ injections - ? Anemia = too many RBCs destroyed
RBCs rupture or lyse prematurely
5.?-? anemia results from mutated hemoglobin protein called Hemoglobin S = HbS
renal, iron-deficiency, pernicious, hemolytic, sickle-cell
? is abnormal excess of rbc’s which leads to an ↑ blood viscosity ↓blood flow which causes ↑ risk of blood clotting
polycythemia
WBC’s:
characterized by their ability to move through tissue to reach ? sites, have a distinct ?, and are produced in the bone ?
infection, nucleus, marrow
leukocytes or WBCs Protect body from
?, ?, ?, Toxins, Tumor cells
bacteria, viruses, parasites
WBC’s from complex to simple:
?: Most abundant WBC, first responders to infection, fight bacteria and fungi.
?: Primarily responsible for viral defense, producing antibodies through B cells and direct cell killing through T cells.
?: “Garbage collectors” that engulf and digest debris and pathogens.
?: Primarily target parasites and allergic reactions.
?: Release histamine, contributing to allergic reactions.
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, basophil
- Granulocytes (Gregory never eats basil)
Contain visible ? granules and shorter-lived - Agranulocytes
Do not contain visible ? granules
Granulocytes
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
Agranulocytes
1. ? = B cells and T cells
2. ?
cytoplasmic (2x), neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes, monocytes
The body produces more WBC’s when it’s fighting an ? or ?
infection, illness
? is the process by which WBC’s move from the bloodstream through the walls of ? and into surrounding ?
Diapedesis, BV, tissues
? means you have a high white blood cell count
leukocytosis
? ? is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (bleach and hydrogen peroxide) from different cell types
respiratory burst
? is the production of WBC’s in bone marrow
Leukopoiesis
? are a group of proteins that regulate immune responses and play a key role in the body’s defense against ?, ?, and inflammation
Interleukins, infection, injury
?-? ? (CSFs) are a group of proteins that regulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow
colony-stimulating factors
? (also known as thrombocytes) are tiny, cell-like fragments found in the blood that play a crucial role in ? ?
platelets, blood clotting
? are large, multinucleated cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets
Megakaryocytes
? (TPO) is the primary hormone that regulates ? production for blood clotting
thrombopoietin, platelet
? is a fast series of reactions to stop ? in BV wall breaks
hemostasis, bleeding
The ? pathway responds to spontaneous, internal damage of the vascular endothelium, whereas the ? pathway becomes activated secondary to external trauma.
Both meet at the common pathway to continue ?
intrinsic, extrinsic, coagulation
Platelets stay Mobile and Inactive by endothelial cell secretions
1. Platelets Remain Mobile by Nitric Oxide = causes ?
2. Platelets Remain Inactive by Prostacyclin = inhibits ? of platelets
vasodilation, agglutination
Serotonin released by platelets causes
vasoconstriction
? A2 induces platelet aggregation
Thromboxane
Clotting factors are procoagulants and are mostly plasma proteins in inactive form
1. Most clotting factors are made by ? and numbered I to XIII in order of discovery
2. Vitamin ? is a coenzyme needed to synthesize 4 clotting factors in liver
3. ? = cofactor
liver, K, calcium
Coagulation occurs in a cascade of reactions to
1. ? and ? pathway to Prothrombin activator
2. Prothrombin activator catalyzes ? to Thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyzes Fibrinogen to ?
intrinsic, extrinsic, prothrombin, fibrin
? ? is a process that occurs after a blood clot forms to stabilize the clot and promote wound healing
clot retraction
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is released during ? healing and ? formation
wound, BV
? is plasma minus clotting proteins. ? contains your antibodies. ? can be used medically.
Ex: Rattlesnake bite: treat with antiserum containing antibodies to snake venom
serum (3x)
? is the process that breaks down blood clots to prevent them from growing and causing problems
fibrinolysis
? is a protein in the blood that’s converted to an active protease called ?, which breaks down blood clots
Plasminogen, plasmin
? ? ? (tPA) is a protein and enzyme that helps dissolve blood clots and is used to treat a variety of conditions
Tissue plasminogen activator
? is an enzyme in the blood that breaks down fibrin
plasmin
? are factors that limit clot growth
- Antithrombin III- inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin
- ?- natural anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells
↑ activity of antithrombin III
anticoagulants, Heparin
? ? ? (DIC) is a rare but serious condition that causes abnormal blood clotting throughout the body
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
A blood clot that forms inside one of your veins or arteries is called a ?
thrombus
An ? is an blockage or obstruction in a blood vessel
embolism
? is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder that prevents blood from clotting properly
Hemophilia
A ? ? is a medical procedure that involves transferring blood or blood components into a patient’s bloodstream through an IV
blood transfusion
? is a process used in blood typing to determine a person’s blood ? by mixing their RBCs with a serum containing known ? or the clumping of donated RBCs
agglutination, type, antibodies
What is a Transfusion Reaction?
Can occur if ? blood is transfused
Recipient’s plasma antibodies ? donor’s RBCs
Donated RBCs agglutinate and clog small vessels
Donated RBCs rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream and clog kidney
Transfusion Reactions Result in
1. Diminished ?-carrying capacity of transfused blood
2. Decreased ? ? beyond blocked vessel
3. hemoglobin in kidneys clog renal tubules and can lead to renal failure and death
mismatched, agglutinate, oxygen, blood flow
? is a condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood
Thrombocytopenia
How does Impaired Liver Function affect blood clotting?
Inability of liver to synthesize procoagulants or ? factors
? requires Vitamin ? to synthesize four clotting factors
clotting, liver, K
Type ?= antigen A on RBC and anti-B antibody in plasma
Type ?= antigen B on RBC and anti-A antibody in plasma
Type ?= both antigen A & B on RBC neither anti-A / anti-B antibody in plasma
Type ?= neither antigen A nor B on RBC, both antibody anti-A and anti-B in plasma
A, B, AB, O
When do anti-A antibodies or anti-B antibodies appear in the blood?
Begin to appear ? months after birth
2
Remember!! It is the ? antibodies that clump and ? the donated RBCs
recipient’s, agglutinate
Type A can receive type ? ? blood
Type B can receive type ? ? blood
Type AB can receive type ? ? ? ? blood = Universal ?
Type O can receive type ? blood = Universal ?
A, O
B, O
A, B, AB, O, recipient
O, donor
name Rh blood groups
A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-
? ? determines human blood groups
blood typing
The ? circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again. (Right)
The ? circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body and back again. (left)
The ? circuit is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle. (heart muscle)
pulmonary, systemic, coronary
pulmonary circuit:
Stella
Invited
Ryan
To
Rake
Pulmonary
Pulmonary
Lungs
SVC
IVC
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
systemic circuit:
Pam
Left
Money
Last
Ascending
Aorta
Baby
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
Body systems
Anastomoses provide ? routes for blood delivery
Anastomoses provide ? routes for blood delivery
Anastomoses provide ? routes for blood delivery
additional, collateral, alternate
? muscle cells are found only in the heart, are typically branched, have a single central nucleus, and contract ? to pump blood, while ? muscle cells are attached to ?, have multiple nuclei, and are responsible for ? movement
cardiac, involuntarily, skeletal, bones, voluntary
The order of the intrinsic conduction system is: (SABBP)
1
2
3
4
5
SA Node-pacemaker
AV Node-sends electrical impulses
AV Bundle- transmits impulses to heart
Bundle Branches-controls heartbeats
Purkinje fibers-electrical conduction and propagation of impulse to the ventricular muscle
The ? conduction system of the heart regulates the heart’s rate, blood flow, and blood pressure
extrinsic
? center increases HR
Cardioacceleratory
? center decreases HR
cardioinhibitory
Explain what happens in each wave:
P wave
QRS wave
T wave
P wave: atrial systole (contraction, depolarization); SA Node fires causing the P wave
QRS wave: ventricular systole (contraction, depolarization); AV Node and purkinje fibers fire causing the QRS wave (wave that reps. atrial repolarization is obscured behind the QRS wave)
T wave: ventricular diastole (relaxation, repolarization)
cardiac cycle:
?: The heart contracts and pumps blood out.
?: The heart relaxes and refills with blood.
systole, diastole
? ? refers to the process by which the heart’s ventricles (chambers) receive blood from the atria (upper chambers)
ventricular filling
? contraction is a phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract, but the ? of blood in the ventricles doesn’t change
isovolumetric, volume
? ? refers to the process by which the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) pump blood out of the heart
ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation occurs when the ventricles generate ? pressure without changing their ?
negative, volume
? ? triggers atrial systole and atria contract
Immediately after atrial systole is atrial diastole
Atrial ? pushes remaining 20% of blood into relaxed ventricle
? ? ? is the Volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole
Atrial depolarization, systole, End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
The ? ? sound of the heartbeat is caused by the ? of the heart’s valves as blood pumps in and out of the heart’s chambers
lub dup, closing
The chemical regulation of heart rate is primarily controlled by the release of hormones like ? and ? from the sympathetic nervous system which increases heart rate, while ? released by the parasympathetic nervous system ? it down
NE/E, ACh, slows
? is a deficiency of calcium in the blood
hypocalcemia
? is an excess of calcium in the blood
hypercalcemia
? is a deficiency of potassium in the blood
hypokalemia
? is an excess of potassium in the blood
hyperkalemia
Other factors that influence heart rate:
?:
Fetus has fastest HR
Declines with age; HR slowest in your prime
HR increases in elderly
?:
Females have faster HR than males
?:
Exercise ↑ HR by ↑ sympathetic nervous
Resting HR in physically fit is lower; trained athletes may be 40 bpm
? ?:
↑ body temperature↑ MBR ↑ HR
↓ body temperature ↓ MBR ↓ HR
age, gender, exercise, body temp
? is a condition where the heart beats abnormally fast
Tachycardia
? refers to an abnormally low HR
Bradycardia
? heart failure (CHF) is a serious condition that occurs when the heart can’t pump enough ? to meet the body’s needs
congestive, blood
Stroke volume = ?-?
EDV, ESV
? ?, also known as pulse, is the number of times a heart beats per minute
heart rate
Cardiac ? refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ? per minute above resting output
output, ventricle
End-? volume is the amount of blood in the heart’s ventricles after they’ve ? with blood and before they ?
diastolic, filled, contract
?-? ? is the amount of blood remaining in the heart’s ventricles at the end of the ? phase
end systolic volume, contraction
? return is the rate at which blood flows from the body’s periphery thru veins back to the right ? of the heart
venous, atrium
? is the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction. ? is the force or load against which the heart has to contract to eject the blood.
preload, afterload
? is the ability of a muscle to ? and produce force in response to a stimulus
contractility, shorten
?? is the amount of extra blood the heart can pump per minute above its resting output
cardiac reserve
? inotropes strengthen the force of the heartbeat. ? inotropes weaken the force of the heartbeat.
+, -
? chronotropes increase heart rate; ? chronotropes decrease heart rate
+, -
? ? is a measure of the activity of the vagus nerve
vagal tone
? glands produce non-hormonal substances such as sweat, Saliva, and Digestive Enzymes. ? glands have ? to carry secretion to membrane ? of body or lumen w/in body
exocrine, exocrine, ducts, surface
? glands are ductless glands that produce ?. Hormones secreted into IF (ECF) and move into BVs, transported through cardiovascular system to ? cell
endocrine, hormones, target
? produces and releases hormones to Anterior and Posterior Pituitary Glands
hypothalamus
?
1. Stimulates smooth muscle in uterus for uterine contractions during childbirth
2. Stimulates smooth muscles in mammary tissue for milk ejection, milk letdown
3. Secreted at orgasm, nursing, petting your dog/all promotes nurturing, bonding, trust
Oxytocin = OT
?
1. Stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb water; water leaves tubule and moves into BV
2. Results in ↑blood volume ↑blood pressure ↓urine volume (prevents dehydration)
3. ↑ BP by causing vasoconstriction and called Vasopressin = ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone = ADH
?
1. Stimulates liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues to grow; stimulates mitosis
2. Anabolic hormone = tissue building = stimulates protein synthesis and growth
3. Mobilizes fatty acids for energy = use glycerol for gluconeogenesis; ↑ glucose in blood
4. Metabolizes CHO and Lipids to ↑glucose in blood
5. Stimulates liver to secrete IGFs which promotes growth
Growth Hormone = GH
?
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
a. Glucocorticoids = cortisol
b. Gonadocorticoids = Androgens = testosterone; estrogen
Adrenocorticotropic hormone = ACTH
? (Gonadotropin)
1. Stimulates ovulation of egg from ovary
2. Stimulates ruptured follicles to form corpus luteum which then secretes estrogen and progesterone
3. Stimulates testis to produce testosterone → testosterone stimulates sperm production
Luteinizing hormone = LH
?
1. Stimulates and maintains milk production
Prolactin = PRL
?
1. Promotes normal oxygen use; controls rate at which glucose is “burned” or oxidized to produce ATP + HEAT in cellular respiration
2. All cells have receptors for T₃ T₄
3. ↑T₃ ↑T₄ ↑MBR ↓T₃ ↓ T₄ ↓MBR
4. Enhances effects of sympathetic nervous system
5. Promotes normal body temperature
6. Promotes normal glucose catabolism. O₂ use and heat increase (Cellular Respiration)
7. Mobilizes fats (FAs) for energy; use glycerol in gluconeogenesis to ↑ glucose in blood
8. Promotes normal development and function of nervous, muscular, reproductive systems
9. Promotes normal heart function and GI tract motility
10. Thyroid Gland can store T₃ and T₄ for later use
Thyroid hormone = T₃ and T₄
?
↓ Blood Ca⁺ by ↑Ca⁺ deposition in bone; Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
?
↑ Blood glucose by glycogenolysis
Targets liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose and releases glucose into the blood
Glucagon
? is a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure by influencing the levels of sodium and potassium in the blood
Aldosterone
? are chiefly androgens (testosterone)
1. Insignificant in males / testes produce much more androgens
2. Contributes to female libido
3. Development of pubic and axillary hair
4. Source of estrogen in postmenopausal female
Gonadocorticoids
?
1. Mimics sympathetic nervous activation
2. Increases HR, force of contraction, MBR, BP, ↑blood glucose, dilates bronchioles
3. Promotes vasoconstriction (↑BP) (dilates BV going to brain and muscles)
4. Deals with short term stress
5. Converts glycogen to glucose in liver (glycogenolysis)
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
? increases insulin levels and sensitivity
Osteocalcin
? ? ? is a cardiac hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure by promoting renal sodium and water excretion and stimulating vasodilation. it also decreases water retention and BP
Atrial natriuretic peptide = ANP
Erythropoietin = EPO: Stimulates production of ?
RBC’s
?
Effects sleep/wake cycles
Melatonin
?
Found in skin, starts metabolic pathway for production of calcitriol → Vit. D₃ in kidney
Cholecalciferol
?, Thymopoietins, ?
1. Development of immune system
2. Normal development and production of T lymphocyte
3. secreted by the thymus gland
Thymulin, Thymosins
human ? ? = hCG
Secreted by embryo and placenta and similar to LH
Human chorionic gonadotropin
?
Promotes female secondary sex characteristics
Thickens the endometrium of uterine wall
Estrogen
?
Quiets the uterine wall smooth muscle and maintains pregnancy
↑ Blood vessels and ↑ glands in the endometrium of uterine wall
Progesterone
?
Promotes male secondary sex characteristics
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Promotes libido
Testosterone
ACTH = ? Pituitary
ADH = ? Pituitary
ANP = ?
EPO = ?, liver
FSH - ? PItuitary
GH = ? Pituitary
LH ? Pituitary
NE = Adrenal ?
OT = ? Pituitary
PRL = ? Pituitary
PTH = ?
T3, T4, TH = ?
TSH = ? Pituitary
Anterior
Posterior
Heart
Kidney
Anterior
Anterior
Anterior
Medulla
Posterior
Anterior
Parathyroids
Thyroids
Anterior
t/f: the posterior pituitary gland produces OT and ADH.
false, it only stores OT and ADH which are made and released by the hypothalamus.
t/f: the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones and sends them to the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones.
true
t/f: Inotropic agents are drugs that affect the force of heart muscle contractions.
true
The ? ? law states that when the ? of blood in the ventricles increases, the heart’s stroke volume ?.
Frank sterling, volume, increases
t/f- deoxygenated blood is dumped into the left atrium.
false, right atrium
t/f- oxygenated blood is dumped into the left atrium.
true
receiving chambers are the
atria
pumping chambers are the
ventricles
t/f: The fossa ovalis is the location of the flap-like opening in the heart of an infant called a patent foramen ovale
true
The ligamentum arteriosum is called the ? ? in a baby
ductus arteriosus
any irreguler heartbeats are called an
arrhythmia
? is a very rare condition that happens when a child or adolescent has high levels of growth hormone in their body, which causes them to grow very tall
gigantism
? ? is a condition that occurs when a child’s pituitary gland doesn’t produce enough ? hormone
pituitary dwarfism, growth
as an adult too much GH causes
acromegaly
chordae tendineae prevent ? and open the ?
backflow, valve
? goes to the thyroid gland so that the TH (T3/T4) can be released.
TSH
the ? is an endocrine and exocrine gland
pancreas
? are hormones that regulate the function of the ovaries and testes, and are essential for sexual development, reproduction, and normal growth. the two types are ? and ?
gonadotropins, FSH , LH
hormone that is the regulator of calcium
PTH
thicker buffy coats indicate a potential ? and thinner coats suggest a low ? count
infection, WBC
t/f- The two factors that make rapid and substantial blood loss life-threatening are the loss of blood pressure and the loss of oxygen-carrying capacity.
true
agglutinate means ?
coagulate means ? ?
clump, blood clotting
the fastest heart is in an
the slowest heart rate is in the
infant, elderly
most hormones are stimulated by a ? stimulus
hormonal
When placed in a ? solution, blood cells would ? and potentially burst due to water moving into the cell, while in a ? solution, they would ? as water moves out of the cell; in an ? solution, blood cells would remain ? as there is no net movement of water because the solute concentration is equal both inside and outside the cell
hypotonic, swell, hypertonic, shrink, isotonic, unchanged
solution percentages: ?% saline sol. and ?% dextrose sol.
0.9, 5
Pulmonary ? is a condition where excess fluid builds up in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe
edema
A heart ? is an unusual sound in the heartbeat that occurs when blood flows abnormally through the heart
murmur
Heme is degraded to green pigment ? and then to yellow pigment ? and
transported to liver. There the pigments become part of bile. Liver secretes bile into ?. Bilirubin in bile is degraded by intestinal ? and pigment changes to brown (urobilinogen) and leaves body in ?.
biliverdin, bilirubin, intestines, bacteria, feces
cardiac output = ? x ?
stroke volume x heart rate
myofibrils are surrounded by ?
desmosomes hold cardiac ? tg
intercalated discs connect ? between cardiac cells
gap junctions allow ions to pass thru from ? to cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum, cells, junctions, cells
atrial syncytium: both ? contrac tg
ventricular syncytium: both ? contract tg
atria, ventricles
intrinsic C.S.: sets rhythm of ? ?
extrinsic C.S: modifies and ? basic heartbeat
basic heartbeat, alters
FSH is for
LH is for
growth of ovarian follicles, estrogen release, sperm production
ovulation, testosterone production
