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BIO 211 Test 1 > ch 18. (cardiovascular s.) > Flashcards

ch 18. (cardiovascular s.) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Heart → Lungs → Heart, responsible for gas exchange in the lungs

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2
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Heart → Body Systems → Heart, distributes oxygenated blood to the body

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3
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

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4
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Veins carry blood to the heart

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5
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

Blood with high O₂ content and low CO₂ content

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6
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood with low O₂ content and high CO₂ content

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7
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Protects and anchors the heart, prevents overfilling with blood

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8
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Middle layer of the heart, responsible for contraction

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9
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Inner layer of the heart

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10
Q

What is the function of heart valves?

A

Ensure blood flows in one direction and prevent backflow

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11
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

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12
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)

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13
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

The pacemaker of the heart

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14
Q

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

Delays impulses

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15
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

conduct contraction impulse

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16
Q

What are the two main types of heart circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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17
Q

What is preload?

A

degree of elasticity of cardiac muscle cells b4 contraction

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18
Q

What is afterload?

A

The pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood

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19
Q

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

A

Increased preload leads to increased stroke volume

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20
Q

What are positive inotropic agents?

A

Substances that increase heart contractility (e.g., epinephrine, calcium)

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21
Q

What are negative inotropic agents?

A

Substances that decrease heart contractility (e.g., acidosis, calcium channel blockers)

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22
Q

What are positive chronotropic factors?

A

Factors that increase heart rate (e.g., sympathetic stimulation, epinephrine)

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23
Q

What are negative chronotropic factors?

A

Factors that decrease heart rate (e.g., parasympathetic stimulation, acetylcholine)

24
Q

What is the intrinsic conduction system?

A

sets the heart’s basic rhythm

25
Q

What is the P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

Represents atrial depolarization and contraction

26
Q

What is the QRS complex in an ECG?

A

Represents ventricular depolarization and contraction

27
Q

What is the T wave in an ECG?

A

Represents ventricular repolarization and relaxation

28
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

The volume of blood ejected from a ventricle with each contraction

29
Q

What is an incompetent valve?

A

A valve that does not close properly, causing backflow of blood

30
Q

What is the role of the cardioacceleratory center?

A

Increases heart rate and force of contraction

31
Q

What is the role of the cardioinhibitory center?

A

Decreases heart rate

32
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

A

records electrical activity of heart

33
Q

What is the difference between systole and diastole?

A

Systole is the contraction phase; diastole is the relaxation phase

34
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

The atria contract and push blood into the ventricles

35
Q

What happens during ventricular diastole?

A

The ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria

36
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

A heart attack

37
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

38
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

A rapid, irregular heart rhythm

39
Q

What is defibrillation?

A

The use of electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm

40
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

An abnormal bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

41
Q

What is the role of venous valves?

A

Prevents backflow of blood

42
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

43
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small cell fragments in the blood that help with clotting

44
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries ; away from the heart, and veins ; to the heart

45
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

The resistance of blood vessels to blood flow

46
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction

47
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats

48
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

49
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure

50
Q

What is blood volume?

A

amount of blood in the circulatory system

51
Q

What is the role of baroreceptors?

A

Detect changes of BP & send signals

52
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

regulates blood pressure & fluid balance

53
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

arteries become narrowed due to the buildup of fatty deposits or plaques

54
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues

55
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Reduced blood flow to a tissue

56
Q

What is heart block?

A

electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are partially or fully blocked

BIO 211 Test 1 (5 decks)

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