ch. 16 pt. 1 (endocrine s.) Flashcards
What does the endocrine system act with to coordinate body activities?
Nervous system
What does the word hormone mean?
To excite
What does the endocrine system regulate?
? ? w/i the cell w/ hormones
Metabolic activity
How does the nervous system regulate muscles and glands?
w/ ? impulses
electrochemical
How are hormones secreted?
By endocrine cells into ECF, then picked up by bloodstream
What are target cells?
Cells with receptors for a specific hormone
How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system in response time?
Slower responses
What is the study of hormones and endocrine organs called?
Endocrinology
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Reproduction, growth, development, water, electrolyte, and nutrient balance, regulation of cellular metabolism and energy, immune system
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands have ducts, endocrine glands do not
Name the solely endocrine glands.
Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal glands
Which organ is considered both neuroendocrine?
Hypothalamus
Which organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas, Gonads, Placenta, Liver
What are the 5 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?
Oxytocin
Which hormone reduces urine volume to prevent dehydration?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What does growth hormone (GH) stimulate?
Growth of liver, muscle, bone, and other tissues
What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?
TSH or LH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
What are glucocorticoids?
?, hormones that increase glucose in blood and resist stress
Cortisol
What is the role of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
stimulates ? ? and ? ?
ovarian follicles and sperm production
Which hormone triggers ovulation?
ACTH OR LH
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What is the primary role of prolactin?
Milk production
What hormone regulates basal metabolic rate?
Thyroid hormone (T3, T4)
What hormone lowers blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin
How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium?
stimulates ? ? and ? ?
bone demineralization and kidney reabsorption
What does insulin do?
? ? ? by promoting glucose entry into cells
Lowers blood glucose
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
What is the main function of aldosterone?
reabsorption of ? and ? of ? by kidneys
sodium, secretion, potassium
Which hormone helps manage long-term stress?
Cortisol
What hormone is responsible for fight-or-flight responses?
HINT: (in the parasympathetic system)
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
What does melatonin regulate?
Sleep/wake cycles
What are the two main classes of hormones?
Amino acid-based hormones and Steroids
What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system?
decreases ? responses and ?
immune, inflammation
What hormone is responsible for female secondary sex characteristics?
Estrogen
Which hormone maintains pregnancy and quiets uterine smooth muscle?
Progesterone
What is the role of testosterone in males?
stimulates ? production and promotes male secondary ? characteristics
Stimulates sperm production and promotes male secondary sexual characteristics
What hormone is secreted by the heart to lower blood pressure?
? ? Peptide
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys?
? ? levels in the blood
Low oxygen
What is the function of osteocalcin secreted by bones?
promotes ? production and sensitivity
insulin
What hormone is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines?
? (vitamin D3)
Calcitriol (Vitamin D3)
What type of stimuli causes hormones to be released in response to blood nutrient or ion levels?
? stimuli
Humoral stimuli
What hormone opposes the action of insulin by raising blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
How do water-soluble hormones communicate with target cells?
thru ? ? systems
second messenger
How do lipid-soluble hormones exert their effects?
by ? ? activation w/i the cell
direct gene
What is up-regulation of receptors?
? in ? number in response to ? hormone levels
Increase, receptor, low
What is down-regulation of receptors?
? in ? number due to ? hormone levels
Decrease, receptor, high
What does permissiveness in hormone interaction refer to?
one ? needs to be present for another ? to have its full effect on a ? cell
hormone, hormone, target
What is synergism in hormone action?
when 2 hormones ? each other’s effects
amplify
What is antagonism in hormone interactions?
one hormone does the ? action of another
opposite
Where is the pituitary gland located?
in the ? ? of the sphenoid bone
In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone
What are the primary effects of growth hormone on metabolism?
increases ? ?, stimulates ? breakdown, and promotes ? ?
blood glucose, fat, protein synthesis
What hormone controls the normal development of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
What stimulates the release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
What is myxedema?
a condition caused by ? of ? hormone in adults
hyposecretion, thyroid
What causes Graves’ disease?
an ? disease that causes ? of the ? hormone
autoimmune, hypersecretion, thyroid
What is the effect of aldosterone on blood pressure?
increases BP by promoting ? reabsorption
sodium
What are the effects of epinephrine during short-term stress?
increased ? ?, ? ?, and ? ?
heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose
How is the secretion of cortisol regulated?
by ? hormone from the anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What hormone is involved in long-term stress response?
Cortisol
What are the effects of high levels of cortisol?
?, immune suppression, and muscle ?
Hyperglycemia, breakdown
What hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
Melatonin
What role does insulin play in fat storage?
Promotes fat storage by ? ? uptake into fat cells
increasing glucose
What is the function of thymosin?
? and ? of T lymphocytes
Development and maturation
Which hormone promotes normal development of the nervous system?
Thyroid hormone
What stimulates the secretion of oxytocin?
? stimulation, ? and bonding activities
Nipple, childbirth
What hormone regulates water balance in the body?
ADH or PRL
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate calcium levels?
stimulates ? ? and ? ? of calcium
bone breakdown and kidney reabsorption
What is the role of renin in blood pressure regulation?
converts ? to angiotensin I, leading to ? release
angiotensinogen, aldosterone
What is the function of ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)?
lowers ? ? by inhibiting ? and renin
blood pressure, aldosterone
Which organ is responsible for the production of calcitriol?
Kidneys
What is gluconeogenesis?
formation of ? from non-? sources such as fats and proteins
glucose, non-carbohydrate
What is the role of angiotensin II?
stimulates aldosterone release and ? to ? BP
vasoconstriction, raise
What hormone is produced by adipose tissue to regulate appetite?
Leptin
What is the main function of thyroid hormone?
regulate ? and increase ? ? ?
metabolism, basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Which hormone is responsible for increasing glucose during stress?
Cortisol
What hormone increases calcium levels in the blood?
PTH or TH
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which hormone LOWERS blood glucose levels after a meal?
Insulin
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
a condition caused by ? of ? leading to ? blood glucose and muscle ?
hypersecretion, cortisol, high, wasting
What are mineralocorticoids?
hormones that regulate ? ?
electrolyte balance
How does aldosterone affect potassium levels?
increases potassium ? by the kidneys
excretion
What is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women?
? cortex
Adrenal cortex
What hormone is released by the pancreas during fasting?
Glucagon
What causes the release of insulin?
Increased blood glucose levels
What is the role of progesterone in pregnancy?
maintains the ? lining and ? ?
uterine, prevents contractions
Which hormone stimulates the development of female reproductive organs?
Estrogen
What is diabetes insipidus?
a condition caused by ? of ? hormone, leading to excessive ? output
hyposecretion, Antidiuretic Hormone, urine
What hormone regulates the circadian rhythm?
Melatonin
What is the function of catecholamines?
increase heart rate, ? ? and ?
blood pressure, glucose
How does the body respond to low blood calcium levels?
releases ? hormone to increase calcium
parathyroid
What is the function of oxytocin during labor?
stimulates ? ?
uterine contractions
What triggers the release of ADH?
high ? ? (dehydration) or low ? ?
plasma osmolality, blood pressure
How does growth hormone affect blood sugar levels?
increases ? ? by stimulating ? and ? breakdown
blood glucose, gluconeogenesis, fat
What is the role of thymus hormones?
involved in ? ? ?
T cell development
Which hormone opposes the action of PTH?
Calcitonin
What are the effects of hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults?
Acromegaly
What stimulates the release of glucagon?
? blood glucose levels
Low
What is the permissive effect of thyroid hormone?
it allows ? hormones to exert their full effects
reproductive
What is hyperthyroidism?
? ? ? causing elevated metabolism and rapid heart rate
Excess thyroid hormone
What hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
?: Converts glucose to pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
?: Polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
Glycogenesis
?: Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers
Glycogenolysis
?: Forms glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (glycerol and amino acids)
Gluconeogenesis
What type of stimuli causes nervous impulses to stimulate hormone release?
? stimuli
nervous
What type of stimuli causes refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone?
? stimuli
hormonal
