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BIO 211 Test 1 > ch. 16 pt. 1 (endocrine s.) > Flashcards

ch. 16 pt. 1 (endocrine s.) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the endocrine system act with to coordinate body activities?

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

What does the word hormone mean?

A

To excite

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system regulate?
? ? w/i the cell w/ hormones

A

Metabolic activity

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4
Q

How does the nervous system regulate muscles and glands?
w/ ? impulses

A

electrochemical

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5
Q

How are hormones secreted?

A

By endocrine cells into ECF, then picked up by bloodstream

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6
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells with receptors for a specific hormone

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7
Q

How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system in response time?

A

Slower responses

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8
Q

What is the study of hormones and endocrine organs called?

A

Endocrinology

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9
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

Reproduction, growth, development, water, electrolyte, and nutrient balance, regulation of cellular metabolism and energy, immune system

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10
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands have ducts, endocrine glands do not

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11
Q

Name the solely endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal glands

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12
Q

Which organ is considered both neuroendocrine?

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Which organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

Pancreas, Gonads, Placenta, Liver

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14
Q

What are the 5 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)

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15
Q

What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?

A

Oxytocin

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16
Q

Which hormone reduces urine volume to prevent dehydration?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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17
Q

What does growth hormone (GH) stimulate?

A

Growth of liver, muscle, bone, and other tissues

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18
Q

What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?
TSH or LH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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19
Q

What are glucocorticoids?
?, hormones that increase glucose in blood and resist stress

A

Cortisol

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20
Q

What is the role of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
stimulates ? ? and ? ?

A

ovarian follicles and sperm production

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21
Q

Which hormone triggers ovulation?
ACTH OR LH

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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22
Q

What is the primary role of prolactin?

A

Milk production

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23
Q

What hormone regulates basal metabolic rate?

A

Thyroid hormone (T3, T4)

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24
Q

What hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

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25
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium?
stimulates ? ? and ? ?

A

bone demineralization and kidney reabsorption

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26
Q

What does insulin do?
? ? ? by promoting glucose entry into cells

A

Lowers blood glucose

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27
Q

Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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28
Q

What is the main function of aldosterone?
reabsorption of ? and ? of ? by kidneys

A

sodium, secretion, potassium

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29
Q

Which hormone helps manage long-term stress?

A

Cortisol

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30
Q

What hormone is responsible for fight-or-flight responses?
HINT: (in the parasympathetic system)

A

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

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31
Q

What does melatonin regulate?

A

Sleep/wake cycles

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32
Q

What are the two main classes of hormones?

A

Amino acid-based hormones and Steroids

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33
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system?
decreases ? responses and ?

A

immune, inflammation

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34
Q

What hormone is responsible for female secondary sex characteristics?

A

Estrogen

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35
Q

Which hormone maintains pregnancy and quiets uterine smooth muscle?

A

Progesterone

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36
Q

What is the role of testosterone in males?
stimulates ? production and promotes male secondary ? characteristics

A

Stimulates sperm production and promotes male secondary sexual characteristics

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37
Q

What hormone is secreted by the heart to lower blood pressure?
? ? Peptide

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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38
Q

What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys?
? ? levels in the blood

A

Low oxygen

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39
Q

What is the function of osteocalcin secreted by bones?
promotes ? production and sensitivity

A

insulin

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40
Q

What hormone is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines?
? (vitamin D3)

A

Calcitriol (Vitamin D3)

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41
Q

What type of stimuli causes hormones to be released in response to blood nutrient or ion levels?
? stimuli

A

Humoral stimuli

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42
Q

What hormone opposes the action of insulin by raising blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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43
Q

How do water-soluble hormones communicate with target cells?
thru ? ? systems

A

second messenger

44
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones exert their effects?
by ? ? activation w/i the cell

A

direct gene

45
Q

What is up-regulation of receptors?
? in ? number in response to ? hormone levels

A

Increase, receptor, low

46
Q

What is down-regulation of receptors?
? in ? number due to ? hormone levels

A

Decrease, receptor, high

47
Q

What does permissiveness in hormone interaction refer to?
one ? needs to be present for another ? to have its full effect on a ? cell

A

hormone, hormone, target

48
Q

What is synergism in hormone action?
when 2 hormones ? each other’s effects

A

amplify

49
Q

What is antagonism in hormone interactions?
one hormone does the ? action of another

A

opposite

50
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?
in the ? ? of the sphenoid bone

A

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

51
Q

Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone

52
Q

What are the primary effects of growth hormone on metabolism?
increases ? ?, stimulates ? breakdown, and promotes ? ?

A

blood glucose, fat, protein synthesis

53
Q

What hormone controls the normal development of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

54
Q

What stimulates the release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

55
Q

What is myxedema?
a condition caused by ? of ? hormone in adults

A

hyposecretion, thyroid

56
Q

What causes Graves’ disease?
an ? disease that causes ? of the ? hormone

A

autoimmune, hypersecretion, thyroid

57
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on blood pressure?
increases BP by promoting ? reabsorption

A

sodium

58
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine during short-term stress?
increased ? ?, ? ?, and ? ?

A

heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose

59
Q

How is the secretion of cortisol regulated?
by ? hormone from the anterior pituitary

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

60
Q

What hormone is involved in long-term stress response?

A

Cortisol

61
Q

What are the effects of high levels of cortisol?
?, immune suppression, and muscle ?

A

Hyperglycemia, breakdown

62
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

63
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

64
Q

What role does insulin play in fat storage?
Promotes fat storage by ? ? uptake into fat cells

A

increasing glucose

65
Q

What is the function of thymosin?
? and ? of T lymphocytes

A

Development and maturation

66
Q

Which hormone promotes normal development of the nervous system?

A

Thyroid hormone

67
Q

What stimulates the secretion of oxytocin?
? stimulation, ? and bonding activities

A

Nipple, childbirth

68
Q

What hormone regulates water balance in the body?
ADH or PRL

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

69
Q

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate calcium levels?
stimulates ? ? and ? ? of calcium

A

bone breakdown and kidney reabsorption

70
Q

What is the role of renin in blood pressure regulation?
converts ? to angiotensin I, leading to ? release

A

angiotensinogen, aldosterone

71
Q

What is the function of ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)?
lowers ? ? by inhibiting ? and renin

A

blood pressure, aldosterone

72
Q

Which organ is responsible for the production of calcitriol?

A

Kidneys

73
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?
formation of ? from non-? sources such as fats and proteins

A

glucose, non-carbohydrate

74
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II?
stimulates aldosterone release and ? to ? BP

A

vasoconstriction, raise

75
Q

What hormone is produced by adipose tissue to regulate appetite?

A

Leptin

76
Q

What is the main function of thyroid hormone?
regulate ? and increase ? ? ?

A

metabolism, basal metabolic rate (BMR)

77
Q

Which hormone is responsible for increasing glucose during stress?

A

Cortisol

78
Q

What hormone increases calcium levels in the blood?
PTH or TH

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

79
Q

Which hormone LOWERS blood glucose levels after a meal?

A

Insulin

80
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?
a condition caused by ? of ? leading to ? blood glucose and muscle ?

A

hypersecretion, cortisol, high, wasting

81
Q

What are mineralocorticoids?
hormones that regulate ? ?

A

electrolyte balance

82
Q

How does aldosterone affect potassium levels?
increases potassium ? by the kidneys

A

excretion

83
Q

What is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women?
? cortex

A

Adrenal cortex

84
Q

What hormone is released by the pancreas during fasting?

A

Glucagon

85
Q

What causes the release of insulin?

A

Increased blood glucose levels

86
Q

What is the role of progesterone in pregnancy?
maintains the ? lining and ? ?

A

uterine, prevents contractions

87
Q

Which hormone stimulates the development of female reproductive organs?

A

Estrogen

88
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?
a condition caused by ? of ? hormone, leading to excessive ? output

A

hyposecretion, Antidiuretic Hormone, urine

89
Q

What hormone regulates the circadian rhythm?

A

Melatonin

90
Q

What is the function of catecholamines?
increase heart rate, ? ? and ?

A

blood pressure, glucose

91
Q

How does the body respond to low blood calcium levels?
releases ? hormone to increase calcium

A

parathyroid

92
Q

What is the function of oxytocin during labor?
stimulates ? ?

A

uterine contractions

93
Q

What triggers the release of ADH?
high ? ? (dehydration) or low ? ?

A

plasma osmolality, blood pressure

94
Q

How does growth hormone affect blood sugar levels?
increases ? ? by stimulating ? and ? breakdown

A

blood glucose, gluconeogenesis, fat

95
Q

What is the role of thymus hormones?
involved in ? ? ?

A

T cell development

96
Q

Which hormone opposes the action of PTH?

A

Calcitonin

97
Q

What are the effects of hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults?

A

Acromegaly

98
Q

What stimulates the release of glucagon?
? blood glucose levels

A

Low

99
Q

What is the permissive effect of thyroid hormone?
it allows ? hormones to exert their full effects

A

reproductive

100
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?
? ? ? causing elevated metabolism and rapid heart rate

A

Excess thyroid hormone

101
Q

What hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

102
Q

?: Converts glucose to pyruvic acid

A

Glycolysis

103
Q

?: Polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

104
Q

?: Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

A

Glycogenolysis

105
Q

?: Forms glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (glycerol and amino acids)

A

Gluconeogenesis

106
Q

What type of stimuli causes nervous impulses to stimulate hormone release?
? stimuli

A

nervous

107
Q

What type of stimuli causes refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone?
? stimuli

A

hormonal

BIO 211 Test 1 (5 decks)

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