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BIO 211 Test 1 > ch. 17 (blood) > Flashcards

ch. 17 (blood) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is blood referred to as?

A

The ‘River of Life’

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2
Q

What is the vital force carried by blood?

A

Life-sustaining fluid

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3
Q

What was a common practice involving blood in early medicine?

A

Draining ‘bad blood’ from people

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4
Q

What did people historically believe about hereditary traits and blood?

A

‘I got farming in my blood’ - traits transmitted through blood

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5
Q

What is the internal transport system of the body?

A

Blood

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6
Q

What is the life-sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood

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7
Q

Name the parts of blood circulation.

A

Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, IVC and SVC

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8
Q

What are the three main functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, protection

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9
Q

What does blood transport to body cells?

A

Oxygen (O₂) and nutrients

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10
Q

What waste products does blood transport for elimination?

A

Nitrogenous waste, CO₂

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11
Q

How does blood help in hormonal transportation?

A

Transports hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

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12
Q

How does blood regulate body temperature?

A

By absorbing and distributing heat

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13
Q

What pH range does blood maintain?

A

7.35-7.45

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14
Q

What role do plasma proteins play in blood regulation?

A

Create osmotic pressure to prevent fluid loss from vessels

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15
Q

How does blood prevent infection?

A

By carrying WBCs, antibodies, and complement proteins

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16
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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17
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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19
Q

What is the fluid matrix in blood called?

A

Plasma

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20
Q

What percentage of whole blood is made up of erythrocytes?

A

~45%

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21
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percent of blood volume that is RBCs

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22
Q

What is the normal hematocrit value for males?

A

~47%

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23
Q

What is the normal hematocrit value for females?

A

~42%

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24
Q

What condition results from too few RBCs?

A

Anemia

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25
Q

What condition results from too many RBCs?

A

Polycythemia

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26
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

~55%

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27
Q

What is the color of blood with high O₂ levels?

A

Scarlet red

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28
Q

What is the color of blood with low O₂ levels?

A

Dark red

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29
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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30
Q

What is the volume of blood in males?

A

5-6 liters

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31
Q

What is the volume of blood in females?

A

4-5 liters

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32
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

92%

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33
Q

What are plasma proteins primarily responsible for?

A

Osmotic pressure and transport of substances

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34
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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35
Q

Where are most plasma proteins produced?

A

Liver

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36
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins does albumin account for?

A

60%

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37
Q

What contributes to the osmotic pressure in blood?

A

Albumins, electrolytes, RBCs

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38
Q

What are the only complete cells in blood?

A

White blood cells (WBCs)

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39
Q

Do RBCs and platelets have nuclei?

A

No

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40
Q

Where do all formed elements in blood originate?

A

Red bone marrow

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41
Q

How does the biconcave shape of RBCs help?

A

It offers a large surface area for gas exchange

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42
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein in RBCs that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide

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43
Q

How many O₂ molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry?

A

Four

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44
Q

What happens when O₂ binds to hemoglobin?

A

It forms oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

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45
Q

What happens during O₂ unloading in tissues?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin (dark red) is formed

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46
Q

Where does CO₂ bind in hemoglobin?

A

To the globin chains

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47
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The formation of all blood cells

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48
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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49
Q

What are hemocytoblasts?

A

Stem cells that give rise to all formed elements

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50
Q

What hormone regulates RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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51
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of RBCs

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52
Q

What is the lifespan of RBCs?

A

100-120 days

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53
Q

What is anemia?

A

A condition where the blood’s O₂-carrying capacity is too low

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54
Q

What is sickle-cell anemia?

A

A genetic disorder where RBCs are crescent-shaped due to mutated hemoglobin

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55
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

An increase in WBC count in response to infection

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56
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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57
Q

What mnemonic helps remember leukocytes in order of abundance?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils)

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58
Q

What are neutrophils known for?

A

Being ‘bacteria slayers’

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59
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Attack parasitic worms and play a role in allergies and asthma

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60
Q

What do basophils secrete?

A

Histamine and heparin

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61
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells

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62
Q

What do B cells give rise to?

A

Plasma cells that produce antibodies

63
Q

What do T cells target?

A

Virus-infected and cancerous cells

64
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

The production of WBCs

65
Q

What stimulates leukopoiesis?

A

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

66
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments essential for blood clotting

67
Q

What hormone regulates platelet production?

A

Thrombopoietin

68
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The process of stopping bleeding

69
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

70
Q

What is coagulation?

A

Blood clotting, where fibrinogen is converted to fibrin

71
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel

72
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A thrombus that breaks away and moves freely in the bloodstream

73
Q

What is an embolism?

A

An embolus that becomes lodged in a narrow blood vessel

74
Q

What are some anticoagulant drugs?

A

Aspirin, heparin, warfarin

75
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A condition with a low number of circulating platelets

76
Q

What are some blood transfusion options for restoring blood volume?

A

Normal saline solution, Ringer’s solution

77
Q

What are the main human blood groups?

A

ABO and Rh

78
Q

What is type A blood?

A

Has antigen A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

79
Q

What is type B blood?

A

Has antigen B and anti-A antibodies in plasma

80
Q

What is type AB blood?

A

Has both antigen A and B, no antibodies in plasma

81
Q

What is type O blood?

A

Has no antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

82
Q

What is Rh factor?

A

An antigen, with Rh+ indicating its presence

83
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Occurs when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus, leading to antibody attack on fetal RBCs

84
Q

What is a transfusion reaction?

A

Occurs when mismatched blood is transfused, causing agglutination of donor RBCs

85
Q

What is erythropoiesis regulated by?

A

Hormones and growth factors

86
Q

What is the main dietary requirement for erythropoiesis?

A

Iron

87
Q

What condition results from insufficient hemoglobin per RBC?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

88
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor leading to B₁₂ deficiency

89
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

RBCs are destroyed faster than they are produced

90
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An excess of RBCs causing increased blood viscosity

91
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

White blood cells with visible granules

92
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

White blood cells without visible granules

93
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria

94
Q

What is respiratory burst?

A

A process by neutrophils that produces germ-killing substances

95
Q

Where are eosinophils mainly located?

A

In the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts

96
Q

What do eosinophils release to combat parasitic worms?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

97
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Causes vasodilation and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites

98
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cells that secrete histamine and heparin, similar to basophils

99
Q

Where are lymphocytes mainly found?

A

Lymphoid tissue, such as lymph nodes and spleen

100
Q

What are monocytes called when they enter tissues?

A

Macrophages

101
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytize pathogens and dead cells

102
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells?

A

Cells that present antigens to T cells, like macrophages

103
Q

What is the lifespan of WBCs?

A

Typically a few days due to fighting infections

104
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

The production of platelets

105
Q

How long do platelets last in the bloodstream?

A

About 10 days

106
Q

What is platelet plug formation?

A

The aggregation of platelets to seal small blood vessel tears

107
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

The process of removing a clot after a blood vessel has healed

108
Q

What is plasmin?

A

An enzyme that digests fibrin and breaks down clots

109
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

Substances that prevent blood clotting

110
Q

What role does heparin play in blood?

A

It enhances the activity of antithrombin III to inhibit clotting

111
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

An embolus that blocks blood flow in the lungs

112
Q

What is warfarin used for?

A

To interfere with vitamin K and prevent clot formation

113
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A hereditary disorder where blood cannot clot properly

114
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A

A condition involving widespread clotting and bleeding

115
Q

What is the purpose of blood transfusions?

A

To restore oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

116
Q

What are packed red blood cells (PRBCs)?

A

A blood product used in transfusions to restore oxygen capacity

117
Q

What determines ABO blood groups?

A

The presence or absence of antigens A and B on RBCs

118
Q

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB

119
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor?

A

Type O

120
Q

What is Rh incompatibility?

A

A condition where Rh- individuals produce anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh+ blood

121
Q

What is RhoGAM?

A

A treatment given to Rh- mothers to prevent the formation of anti-Rh antibodies

122
Q

What are the main components of plasma?

A

Water, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, waste products

123
Q

What role does calcium play in blood clotting?

A

It acts as a cofactor in the coagulation process

124
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without the clotting proteins

125
Q

What is the role of vitamin K in coagulation?

A

It is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors

126
Q

What is the ‘intrinsic pathway’ of coagulation?

A

A clotting mechanism initiated by factors within the blood

127
Q

What is the ‘extrinsic pathway’ of coagulation?

A

A clotting mechanism triggered by external trauma to blood vessels

128
Q

What is prothrombin activator?

A

An enzyme complex that converts prothrombin to thrombin

129
Q

What does thrombin do?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

130
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

The contraction of platelets to pull a wound together

131
Q

What happens during hypoxia?

A

Tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen

132
Q

What triggers the release of erythropoietin?

A

Low oxygen levels in the kidneys

133
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A

Heme (iron-containing pigment) and globin (protein)

134
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen

135
Q

What happens in the spleen during erythrocyte destruction?

A

Old RBCs are broken down by macrophages

136
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

A yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of heme

137
Q

Where is bilirubin processed?

A

In the liver, where it becomes part of bile

138
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes?

A

To defend the body against infection and disease

139
Q

What happens during positive chemotaxis?

A

WBCs follow chemical signals to sites of infection or injury

140
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Large bone marrow cells that produce platelets

141
Q

How do platelets remain inactive?

A

By the secretion of nitric oxide and prostacyclin from endothelial cells

142
Q

What does thromboxane A₂ do?

A

Promotes platelet aggregation during clot formation

143
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

The rupture or destruction of red blood cells

144
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

10 days in the bloodstream

145
Q

What happens in vasoconstriction during hemostasis?

A

Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow and limit bleeding

146
Q

What is petechiae?

A

Small red or purple spots caused by bleeding into the skin

147
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte in plasma?

A

Sodium (Na⁺)

148
Q

What is the role of plasma proteins?

A

To maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances

149
Q

What is globulin?

A

A plasma protein involved in immune responses and transport

150
Q

What are the key nutrients in plasma?

A

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

151
Q

What are the waste products in plasma?

A

Carbon dioxide, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin

152
Q

What are colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

A

Proteins that stimulate the production of white blood cells

153
Q

What is the function of fibrin?

A

To form a mesh that traps blood cells during clot formation

154
Q

What is the role of interleukins?

A

To regulate the immune response and stimulate white blood cell production

BIO 211 Test 1 (5 decks)

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