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Bio 2 > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homology

A

Analysis of similarities among different organisms

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2
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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3
Q

Analogous features

A

Share similar function, but not common ancestry

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4
Q

Fossil record

A

Evidence from fossils

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5
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of geographical distribution of species

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6
Q

Neutral variation

A

Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

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7
Q

Gene pool

A

Consists of copies of every type of alleles at every locus in all members of a population

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8
Q

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

A

State of population in which frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant from generation to generation

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9
Q

Adaptive evolution

A

Traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency over time

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10
Q

Genetic drift

A

Process where chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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11
Q

Founder effect

A

occurs when few individuals become isolated from parent population forming a new population with a separate gene pool

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12
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Genetic drift caused by reduced population size. The survivors are not genetically representative of original population

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13
Q

Gene flow

A

Transfer of alleles into or out of a population

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14
Q

Relative fitness

A

The contribution an indivial makes to the gene pool of the next gen relative to others contribution

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15
Q

Directional selection

A

Occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, shifting the population frequency curve

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16
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate range

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17
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate

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18
Q

Sexual selection

A

Process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others of the same sex to obtain mates

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19
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Difference in secondary sex characteristics between males and females of the same species

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20
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Selection within the same sex

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21
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex

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22
Q

Balancing selection

A

Natural selection that maintains 2+ phenotypic forms in a population

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23
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common that phenotype is in a population

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24
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

if heterozygous individuals are at a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes

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25
Q

Species

A

Group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offsprings only within their group

26
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Existence of biological factors that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable fertile offspring

27
Q

Prezygotic barrier

A

Reproductive barrier impeding mating between species hindering fertilization

28
Q

Post zygotic barrier

A

Reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by 2 different species becoming viable, fertile adults

29
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Formation of new species in population that are geographically isolated from one another

30
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

31
Q

Alloploidy

A

Fertile individuals that has more than 2 chromosome sets as a result if 2 different species interbreeding & combining their chromosomes

32
Q

Hybrid zone

A

Region in which members of different species meet and move producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

33
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process in which natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction,

34
Q

Punctuated equilibria

A

In fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis where species dont charge until a breif period of rapid sudden change

35
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Periods of evolutionary change where groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their community

36
Q

Heterochrony

A

An evolutionary change in the rate of timing of developmental events

37
Q

Pedomorphosis

A

Retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors

38
Q

Homeotic gene

A

Any master regulatory gene that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in eukaryotes

39
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

40
Q

Taxon

A

A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

41
Q

Evolutionary lineages

A

Series of ancestral organisms loading to a descendant taxon

42
Q

Sister taxa

A

Group of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other group

43
Q

Basal taxon

A

Taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group

44
Q

Rooted

A

Branch points within tree represent most recent common ancestor of all taxon in the tree

45
Q

Rooted

A

Branch points within tree represent most recent common ancestor of all taxon in the tree

46
Q

Cladistics

A

Approach in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based on common descent

47
Q

Cladistics

A

Approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based on common descent

48
Q

Clade

A

Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

49
Q

Monophyletic

A

an ancestral species and all of its descendants

50
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Group which consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants

51
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Group which includes distantly related species but doesn’t include their most recent common qncestor

52
Q

Shared derived character

A

Evolutionary novelty unique to a clade

53
Q

Outgroup

A

Species from an evolutionary lineage that have diverged before the lineage with the group being studied

54
Q

Ingroup

A

Species whose evolutionary relationships are being examined in a given analysis

55
Q

Maximum parsimony

A

Investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with facts

56
Q

Maximum likelihood

A

States when considering multiple phylogenetic hypothesis

57
Q

Orthologous genes

A

Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation

58
Q

Paralogous genes

A

Homologous genes that are found jn the same genome as a result of gene duplication

59
Q

Molecular clock

A

A method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on some regions of genomes evolved at constant rates

60
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Transfer of genes from one genome to another mechanisms

Bio 2 (11 decks)

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