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Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Homology

A

Analysis of similarities among different organisms

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2
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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3
Q

Analogous features

A

Share similar function, but not common ancestry

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4
Q

Fossil record

A

Evidence from fossils

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5
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of geographical distribution of species

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6
Q

Neutral variation

A

Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

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7
Q

Gene pool

A

Consists of copies of every type of alleles at every locus in all members of a population

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8
Q

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

A

State of population in which frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant from generation to generation

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9
Q

Adaptive evolution

A

Traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency over time

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10
Q

Genetic drift

A

Process where chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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11
Q

Founder effect

A

occurs when few individuals become isolated from parent population forming a new population with a separate gene pool

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12
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Genetic drift caused by reduced population size. The survivors are not genetically representative of original population

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13
Q

Gene flow

A

Transfer of alleles into or out of a population

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14
Q

Relative fitness

A

The contribution an indivial makes to the gene pool of the next gen relative to others contribution

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15
Q

Directional selection

A

Occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, shifting the population frequency curve

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16
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate range

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17
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate

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18
Q

Sexual selection

A

Process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others of the same sex to obtain mates

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19
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Difference in secondary sex characteristics between males and females of the same species

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20
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Selection within the same sex

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21
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex

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22
Q

Balancing selection

A

Natural selection that maintains 2+ phenotypic forms in a population

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23
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common that phenotype is in a population

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24
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

if heterozygous individuals are at a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes

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25
Species
Group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offsprings only within their group
26
Reproductive isolation
Existence of biological factors that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable fertile offspring
27
Prezygotic barrier
Reproductive barrier impeding mating between species hindering fertilization
28
Post zygotic barrier
Reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by 2 different species becoming viable, fertile adults
29
Allopatric speciation
Formation of new species in population that are geographically isolated from one another
30
Sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
31
Alloploidy
Fertile individuals that has more than 2 chromosome sets as a result if 2 different species interbreeding & combining their chromosomes
32
Hybrid zone
Region in which members of different species meet and move producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry
33
Reinforcement
Process in which natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction,
34
Punctuated equilibria
In fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis where species dont charge until a breif period of rapid sudden change
35
Adaptive radiation
Periods of evolutionary change where groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their community
36
Heterochrony
An evolutionary change in the rate of timing of developmental events
37
Pedomorphosis
Retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors
38
Homeotic gene
Any master regulatory gene that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in eukaryotes
39
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
40
Taxon
A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification
41
Evolutionary lineages
Series of ancestral organisms loading to a descendant taxon
42
Sister taxa
Group of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other group
43
Basal taxon
Taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group
44
Rooted
Branch points within tree represent most recent common ancestor of all taxon in the tree
45
Rooted
Branch points within tree represent most recent common ancestor of all taxon in the tree
46
Cladistics
Approach in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based on common descent
47
Cladistics
Approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based on common descent
48
Clade
Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
49
Monophyletic
an ancestral species and all of its descendants
50
Paraphyletic group
Group which consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants
51
Polyphyletic
Group which includes distantly related species but doesn’t include their most recent common qncestor
52
Shared derived character
Evolutionary novelty unique to a clade
53
Outgroup
Species from an evolutionary lineage that have diverged before the lineage with the group being studied
54
Ingroup
Species whose evolutionary relationships are being examined in a given analysis
55
Maximum parsimony
Investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with facts
56
Maximum likelihood
States when considering multiple phylogenetic hypothesis
57
Orthologous genes
Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation
58
Paralogous genes
Homologous genes that are found jn the same genome as a result of gene duplication
59
Molecular clock
A method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on some regions of genomes evolved at constant rates
60
Horizontal gene transfer
Transfer of genes from one genome to another mechanisms

Bio 2 (11 decks)

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