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Microbiology > Test 1 - Prokaryotic Cell > Flashcards

Test 1 - Prokaryotic Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 3 shapes of bacteria?

A

Bacillus, Coccus, and Spirillum

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2
Q

Lifetime shape denoted by…

A

Mono or pleomorphs

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3
Q

What are 3 arrangements of bacteria? Which bacteria occupy the arrangements?

A

Pairs (Diplococci and Diplobacilli), Clusters (Staphylococci), and Chains (Streptococci and Streptobacilli)

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4
Q

Prefix for paired bacteria arrangement?

A

Diplo-

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5
Q

Prefix for clustered bacteria arrangement?

A

Staphylo-

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6
Q

Prefix for chained bacteria arrangement?

A

Strepto-

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7
Q

Describe bacterial genome

A

Usually circular, 2x stranded DNA without histones

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8
Q

Cell membrane has _____ that stabilize the membrane structure. Describe ____. What eukaryotic molecule is it analogous to?

A

Hopanoids. Small, bacteria-specific molecules that fit between fatty acid chains. ~ eukaryotic cholesterol.

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9
Q

What linkage between phosphorous head and fatty acid chain do bacterias have?

A

Ester

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10
Q

What linkage between phosphorous head and fatty acid chain do archae have?

A

Ether

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11
Q

Why is ether linkage advantageous? (Two reasons)

A

C-O-C less soluble in water. Also includes branched teripenoids in the lipid chain; 4th C extends a methyl branch; - mobility, + stability.

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12
Q

2 Different types of ether cell membrane? How many layers each? Why is ___ advantageous?

A

Diether (bilayer) and Tetraether (monolayer). Tetraether is more heat resistant.

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13
Q

What structure must exist for active transport?

A

Transporter protein

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14
Q

Describe Group Translocation. What kind of organism has them? Why bother translocating/expending energy?

A

Prokaryote-exclusive, common in bacteria. Circumvents dilemma of transporting against [ ] gradient by chemically and actively altering molecule during transport. usually by adding phosphate group. Prevents molecule from leaving cell.

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15
Q

Which parts of peptidoglycan are root words? (“Pepti” and “Glycan”.)

A

“Glycan”- Alternating sugars (NAM and NAG)

“Pepti” - Sugars linked by glycan tetrapeptides/ amino side chains.

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16
Q

What is notable about peptide linkage in peptidoglycan?

A

L- and D- alternation.

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17
Q

What do all bacterial cell walls have regardless of gram + or -?

A

Capsule.

18
Q

What is notable about archae cell wall? What is it made of?

A

Psueodopeptidoglycan rather than peptidoglycan, with S-Layer (“Surface-Layer”), which are paracrystalline layer of protein or glycoprotein. The combination makes it more osmotic pressure resistant and heat resistant.

19
Q

What is S-Layer?

A

S-Layer (“Surface-Layer”), which are paracrystalline layer of protein or glycoprotein.

20
Q

Gram + cell wall includes thick __(a)__, which has __(b)__ threaded in between them. __(b)__ links ____ to ____, and provides a _____. Also includes a ______.

A

Peptidoglycan; Techoic acid; Techoic acid links peptidoglycan to cell membrane; Heavy (-) charge; S-layer.

21
Q

Gram - cell wall (“outer layer”) includes an outward facing leaf of ______, which act as _____. The inward-facing leaf includes _____, which connects ____ to _____.

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Endotoxin; Lipoproteins; Outer membrane to peptidoglycan.

22
Q

What is an endotoxin in gram - cell? What specific component of that part is endotoxic? What does being an endotoxin mean?

A

LPS; Lipid A; harmless while cell is intact, toxic when cell is broken.

23
Q

What is periplasm? Which bacteria has them?

A

Between inner and outer layer of gram - bacteria. Outer layer has a specific permeability, hence creating a unique solute concentration in periplasm.

24
Q

What part causes gram + bacteria to hold CV?

A
  • charge from techoic acid and thickness from peptidoglycan layers.
25
Q

Iodide increases visibility by…

A

Acting as a 2’ dye and crystallizing cell wall to prevent decolorization.

26
Q

What are effect of alcohol on gram + cells? Gram - cells?

A

Gram + cells: causes wall to collapse on itself/ “stiffens” it.

Gram - cell: disrupts LPS and integrity of outer layer.

27
Q

What is the meaning of a peritrichous bacteria?

A

Multiple flagella sprouts all over the bacteria.

28
Q

What is the meaning of a lophotrichous and polar bacteria?

A

Multiple flagella sprouts from a single polar point.

29
Q

What is the meaning of a monotrichous and polar bacteria?

A

Single flagella sprouts from a polar point.

30
Q

What is the meaning of an amphitrichous and polar bacteria?

A

Two flagella sprouts from two opposite polar point.

31
Q

What are two parts of flagellum?

A

Protein hook and basal body

32
Q

What is the purpose of protein hook?

A

Allows flagella to swing counterclockwise.

33
Q

What are 3 parts of basal body?

A

Rings, central rod, and rotor.

34
Q

What are 2 rings of basal body that should be known? What kind of cell has more rings?

A

C-ring, embedded in the “c”ell membrane; P-ring, embedded in the “p”eptidoglycan membrane; gram - cells have more rings because their LPS layer makes wall thicker.

35
Q

Where in the part of the flagellum is ATP expended?

A

Rotor.

36
Q

How do bacteria act when near taxis? When it bypasses taxis?

A

“Runs” or counterclockwise orchestrated swinging that propels the cells last longer. When bypassing taxis, the “tumble” or the clockwise unwinding causes random movement/direction change that may lead to taxis. If taxis is reached again, “run” lasts longer.

37
Q

Endospores occur in what kind of bacteria? Name 2.

A

Gram +; Bacillus and clostridium.

38
Q

Name 4 parts (3 layers and 1 area) of endospore. What is it made of?

A

Exosporangium (protein); Spore coat (~keratin); Cortex (peptidoglycan); Core (mostly DNA with cytoplasmic things).

39
Q

List the steps involved in endospore formation.

A
  1. DNA Replication
  2. Septum forms
  3. Mother cell engulfs forespore; it now has 2 membranes around it.
  4. Mother chromosome disintegrates.
  5. Cortex develops by adding 2 cell walls around forespore.
  6. Dipicolinic Acid (+ DNA stability) synthesis and Ca2+ deposit on spore coat.
  7. Mother cell releases spore.
40
Q

What are the 3 steps of endospore germination?

A
  1. Activation by environmental cues.
  2. Germination by + metabolism.
  3. Outgrowth.
41
Q

What is the size of prokaryotic cells?

A

0.1 µm - 50 µm

Microbiology (14 decks)

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