Test 1 - Prokaryotic Cell

Question 1

What are 3 shapes of bacteria?

Answer 1

Bacillus, Coccus, and Spirillum

Question 2

Lifetime shape denoted by…

Answer 2

Mono or pleomorphs

Question 3

What are 3 arrangements of bacteria? Which bacteria occupy the arrangements?

Answer 3

Pairs (Diplococci and Diplobacilli), Clusters (Staphylococci), and Chains (Streptococci and Streptobacilli)

Question 4

Prefix for paired bacteria arrangement?

Answer 4

Diplo-

Question 5

Prefix for clustered bacteria arrangement?

Answer 5

Staphylo-

Question 6

Prefix for chained bacteria arrangement?

Answer 6

Strepto-

Question 7

Describe bacterial genome

Answer 7

Usually circular, 2x stranded DNA without histones

Question 8

Cell membrane has _____ that stabilize the membrane structure. Describe ____. What eukaryotic molecule is it analogous to?

Answer 8

Hopanoids. Small, bacteria-specific molecules that fit between fatty acid chains. ~ eukaryotic cholesterol.

Question 9

What linkage between phosphorous head and fatty acid chain do bacterias have?

Answer 9

Ester

Question 10

What linkage between phosphorous head and fatty acid chain do archae have?

Answer 10

Ether

Question 11

Why is ether linkage advantageous? (Two reasons)

Answer 11

C-O-C less soluble in water. Also includes branched teripenoids in the lipid chain; 4th C extends a methyl branch; - mobility, + stability.

Question 12

2 Different types of ether cell membrane? How many layers each? Why is ___ advantageous?

Answer 12

Diether (bilayer) and Tetraether (monolayer). Tetraether is more heat resistant.

Question 13

What structure must exist for active transport?

Answer 13

Transporter protein

Question 14

Describe Group Translocation. What kind of organism has them? Why bother translocating/expending energy?

Answer 14

Prokaryote-exclusive, common in bacteria. Circumvents dilemma of transporting against [ ] gradient by chemically and actively altering molecule during transport. usually by adding phosphate group. Prevents molecule from leaving cell.

Question 15

Which parts of peptidoglycan are root words? (“Pepti” and “Glycan”.)

Answer 15

“Glycan”- Alternating sugars (NAM and NAG)

“Pepti” - Sugars linked by glycan tetrapeptides/ amino side chains.

Question 16

What is notable about peptide linkage in peptidoglycan?

Answer 16

L- and D- alternation.

Question 17

What do all bacterial cell walls have regardless of gram + or -?

Answer 17

Capsule.

Question 18

What is notable about archae cell wall? What is it made of?

Answer 18

Psueodopeptidoglycan rather than peptidoglycan, with S-Layer (“Surface-Layer”), which are paracrystalline layer of protein or glycoprotein. The combination makes it more osmotic pressure resistant and heat resistant.

Question 19

What is S-Layer?

Answer 19

S-Layer (“Surface-Layer”), which are paracrystalline layer of protein or glycoprotein.

Question 20

Gram + cell wall includes thick __(a)__, which has __(b)__ threaded in between them. __(b)__ links ____ to ____, and provides a _____. Also includes a ______.

Answer 20

Peptidoglycan; Techoic acid; Techoic acid links peptidoglycan to cell membrane; Heavy (-) charge; S-layer.

Question 21

Gram - cell wall (“outer layer”) includes an outward facing leaf of ______, which act as _____. The inward-facing leaf includes _____, which connects ____ to _____.

Answer 21

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Endotoxin; Lipoproteins; Outer membrane to peptidoglycan.

Question 22

What is an endotoxin in gram - cell? What specific component of that part is endotoxic? What does being an endotoxin mean?

Answer 22

LPS; Lipid A; harmless while cell is intact, toxic when cell is broken.

Question 23

What is periplasm? Which bacteria has them?

Answer 23

Between inner and outer layer of gram - bacteria. Outer layer has a specific permeability, hence creating a unique solute concentration in periplasm.

Question 24

What part causes gram + bacteria to hold CV?

Answer 24

• charge from techoic acid and thickness from peptidoglycan layers.

Question 25

Iodide increases visibility by...

Answer 25

Acting as a 2' dye and crystallizing cell wall to prevent decolorization.

Question 26

What are effect of alcohol on gram + cells? Gram - cells?

Answer 26

Gram + cells: causes wall to collapse on itself/ "stiffens" it. Gram - cell: disrupts LPS and integrity of outer layer.

Question 27

What is the meaning of a peritrichous bacteria?

Answer 27

Multiple flagella sprouts all over the bacteria.

Question 28

What is the meaning of a lophotrichous and polar bacteria?

Answer 28

Multiple flagella sprouts from a single polar point.

Question 29

What is the meaning of a monotrichous and polar bacteria?

Answer 29

Single flagella sprouts from a polar point.

Question 30

What is the meaning of an amphitrichous and polar bacteria?

Answer 30

Two flagella sprouts from two opposite polar point.

Question 31

What are two parts of flagellum?

Answer 31

Protein hook and basal body

Question 32

What is the purpose of protein hook?

Answer 32

Allows flagella to swing counterclockwise.

Question 33

What are 3 parts of basal body?

Answer 33

Rings, central rod, and rotor.

Question 34

What are 2 rings of basal body that should be known? What kind of cell has more rings?

Answer 34

C-ring, embedded in the "c"ell membrane; P-ring, embedded in the "p"eptidoglycan membrane; gram - cells have more rings because their LPS layer makes wall thicker.

Question 35

Where in the part of the flagellum is ATP expended?

Answer 35

Rotor.

Question 36

How do bacteria act when near taxis? When it bypasses taxis?

Answer 36

"Runs" or counterclockwise orchestrated swinging that propels the cells last longer. When bypassing taxis, the "tumble" or the clockwise unwinding causes random movement/direction change that may lead to taxis. If taxis is reached again, "run" lasts longer.

Question 37

Endospores occur in what kind of bacteria? Name 2.

Answer 37

Gram +; Bacillus and clostridium.

Question 38

Name 4 parts (3 layers and 1 area) of endospore. What is it made of?

Answer 38

Exosporangium (protein); Spore coat (~keratin); Cortex (peptidoglycan); Core (mostly DNA with cytoplasmic things).

Question 39

List the steps involved in endospore formation.

Answer 39

1. DNA Replication 2. Septum forms 3. Mother cell engulfs forespore; it now has 2 membranes around it. 4. Mother chromosome disintegrates. 5. Cortex develops by adding 2 cell walls around forespore. 6. Dipicolinic Acid (+ DNA stability) synthesis and Ca2+ deposit on spore coat. 7. Mother cell releases spore.

Question 40

What are the 3 steps of endospore germination?

Answer 40

1. Activation by environmental cues. 2. Germination by + metabolism. 3. Outgrowth.

Question 41

What is the size of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 41

0.1 µm - 50 µm