Test 1 part 1 Flashcards
How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated before 1950s vs Today?
*Before 1950
Almost all outpatient care took the form of private psychotherapy and psychotropic medication.
*Today
Outpatient care is primary mode of treatment;
More insurance coverage
Less expensive outpatient settings
Treatment for more kinds of problems
Programs devoted exclusively to specific problems
How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared For before 1950s and what did it led to?
Hospitalization
*New psychotropic medications discovered in 1950s
Antipsychotic drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Antianxiety drugs
*Led to deinstitutionalization
Outpatient care
Community mental health approach
What are the 4 D’s
Deviance: Refers to thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that are significantly different from societal or cultural norms. If someone behaves in a way that is outside the “typical” range of behavior, it may be considered deviant.
Dysfunction: This involves the degree to which a person’s abnormal behavior interferes with their daily functioning in life, such as work, social interactions, and self-care. When behaviors or thoughts prevent someone from performing routine activities, it indicates dysfunction.
Distress: This criterion focuses on the amount of personal distress the behavior causes. If a person is upset, anxious, or unhappy about their thoughts, emotions, or behavior, this distress is an important marker.
Danger: Refers to behaviors that may pose a risk to the individual or others. This includes suicidal
What are the 9 main psychology perspective, fort each state the main ideas, explain mentail illness (causes, mechanisms) and the method of treatment of the illness: Behaviourism
- Behaviorism
Main Ideas: Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, not internal mental states. It posits that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment via conditioning (classical and operant).
Mental Illness: Mental illness is seen as learned maladaptive behavior. For example, anxiety could result from classical conditioning (associating fear with certain stimuli) or reinforced through operant conditioning.
Treatment: Treatments include behavior therapy techniques like systematic desensitization, operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment), and exposure therapy, aiming to unlearn maladaptive behaviors. - Freudian / Psychoanalytic
Main Ideas: Freud’s psychoanalysis emphasizes the role of unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and repressed memories and desires. Mental conflicts arise from unconscious drives, particularly sexual and aggressive urges.
Mental Illness: Mental illness results from unresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego, leading to repressed desires manifesting in neuroses (e.g., anxiety, depression).
Treatment: Psychoanalysis involves techniques like free association, dream analysis, and exploring unconscious conflicts to bring them to conscious awareness and resolve them. - Psychodynamic
Main Ideas: Building on Freud’s ideas, the psychodynamic perspective also emphasizes unconscious processes and childhood experiences but focuses on broader interpersonal relationships and conflicts.
Mental Illness: Mental disorders are caused by unresolved past conflicts, often rooted in childhood, and maladaptive defense mechanisms (e.g., repression, denial).
Treatment: Psychodynamic therapy focuses on exploring unconscious feelings, past experiences, and significant relationships. It helps clients develop self-awareness and insight into their behaviors. - Humanistic
Main Ideas: Humanistic psychology emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and personal growth. It sees individuals as inherently good, with a natural tendency to achieve their full potential.
Mental Illness: Mental illness occurs when there’s a blockage or interference with self-actualization, such as low self-esteem or lack of authenticity. It often arises from societal pressures or lack of unconditional positive regard.
Treatment: Client-centered therapy (Carl Rogers) emphasizes creating a supportive environment through empathy, unconditional positive regard, and active listening, allowing individuals to explore their true self and promote growth. - Existential
Main Ideas: Existential psychology focuses on human existence, free will, and the search for meaning in life. It emphasizes personal responsibility and confronting existential issues like death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness.
Mental Illness: Mental illness arises from existential crises, such as feeling a lack of purpose, fear of death, or experiencing existential anxiety due to the burden of freedom or isolation.
Treatment: Existential therapy helps individuals confront and embrace existential realities, encouraging them to find personal meaning and purpose in life despite these challenges. - Cognitive
Main Ideas: Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, perception, and problem-solving. It posits that dysfunctional thoughts lead to negative emotions and behaviors.
Mental Illness: Mental illness is caused by distorted, irrational, or maladaptive thinking patterns. For example, depression is linked to negative automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions like overgeneralization and catastrophizing.
Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a widely used approach that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. Cognitive restructuring and thought challenging are key techniques. - Evolutionary
Main Ideas: Evolutionary psychology explains mental and psychological traits as adaptations shaped by natural selection. Behaviors and cognitive processes have evolved to solve survival and reproduction-related problems.
Mental Illness: Mental illness may be seen as maladaptive traits or by-products of evolutionary processes. For example, anxiety may have evolved as a survival mechanism to detect threats, but it can become maladaptive in modern environments.
Treatment: There is no direct treatment method rooted purely in evolutionary psychology. However, understanding mental illnesses in an evolutionary context can inform approaches like behavioral therapy, focusing on adaptive behavior. - Biopsychology (Biological Perspective)
Main Ideas: This perspective emphasizes the role of biology, such as brain structure, neurotransmitters, genetics, and hormonal imbalances, in influencing behavior and mental processes.
Mental Illness: Mental illness is caused by biological factors such as neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., serotonin in depression), genetic predisposition, or abnormalities in brain structure (e.g., enlarged ventricles in schizophrenia).
Treatment: Treatments are often biologically based, including psychopharmacology (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and even neurosurgery in severe cases. - Sociocultural
Main Ideas: Sociocultural psychology emphasizes the role of social, cultural, and environmental influences on behavior. Factors like family, community, socioeconomic status, and cultural background shape individual behavior and mental health.
Mental Illness: Mental illness arises from adverse social or cultural environments, such as poverty, discrimination, trauma, and lack of social support. Cultural norms can influence the expression and understanding of psychological disorders.
Treatment: Treatments often involve community-based interventions, family therapy, and exploring how social and cultural factors affect the individual. Culturally sensitive therapy and addressing broader systemic issues (e.g., poverty, discrimination) are central approaches.
What are the Early 20th century : dual perspectives
- Somatogenic
cause:
*Syphilis – general paresis
*Hydrotherapy, lobotomy, eugenic sterilization, etc. - Psychogenic
cause:
*Hysterical disorders
*Mesmerism, Hypnotism, cathartic method
*Psychoanalysis
What was the view in Ancient societies (as far as Stone Age)
*Evil spirits
*Trephination and exorcism
What was the view in Early 20th century
*Dual perspectives: somatogenic vs psychogenic
*Biological vs psychological treatments
What was the view in Greeks & Romans (500 BCE – 500 CE)
*Philosophers and physicians (e.g. 4 humors)
*Lifestyle (quiet, vegetables, temperance, celibacy, exercise, bleeding)
What was the view in The 19th century (Europe and USA)
*Calls for humane and moral treatment
*Decline of quality of care in mental hospitals
What was the view in The European Renaissance (1400-1700)
*Scientific knowledge, mental illness
*Asylums
