Test 1: Module 2 (Inflammation and Healing)

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

a cellular process that is responsible for removing injurious agent, removal of cellular debris and the
initiation of the healing processing. The healing process
occurs to allow restoration of structure and function
whenever possible

Question 2

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of Function

Question 3

What is the onset of acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 3

Chronic is delayed onset

Acute is rapid onset

Question 4

How long do acute and chronic inflammation last?

Answer 4

Chronic inflammation lasts a long time (weeks, months, years)

Acute inflammation lasts a short time (days)

Question 5

Are chronic and acute inflammation specific?

Answer 5

Chronic is specific (acquired immunity)

Acute inflammation is non-specific

Question 6

What is the cause of acute inflammation?

Answer 6

Physical or chemical damage

Pathogens

Tissue necrosis

Immune response

Question 7

What is the cause of chronic inflammation?

Answer 7

Persistent damage or infection

Presence of foreign body

Autoimmunity

Question 8

What is the outcome of acute versus chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

Acute inflammation: healing, trigger removal, tissue repair

Chronic inflammation: collateral damage

Question 9

What are the biomarkers of acute inflammation?

Answer 9

IL-6
TNF-alpha
IL-1beta
CRP

Question 10

How long does inflammation last?

Answer 10

Usually 4-6 days

Question 11

How long does proliferation last?

Answer 11

4 - 24 days

Question 12

How long does remodeling last?

Answer 12

21 days - 2 years

Question 13

Starling Forces

Answer 13

govern the passive exchange of water between the capillary
microcirculation and the interstitial fluid.

These forces determine the
directionality & rate of net water
movement between two different
compartments

Question 14

What happens at the arterial end?

Answer 14

Blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) is higher than osmotic pressure. So fluid exits the capillary

Question 15

What happens at the venous end?

Answer 15

The osmotic pressure is higher than the blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure). So fluid enters the capillary

Question 16

What causes swelling?

Answer 16

Release of inflammatory mediators at the capillary increase the vascular permeability. This causes neutrophils and fluid to leave the capillary which leads to swelling.

Question 17

Hemorrhagic/Sanguineous Exudate

Answer 17

Appearance: Bright red or bloody; presence of red blood cells (RBCs)

Significance: Small amounts expected after surgery or trauma. Large amounts may indicate hemorrhage. Sudden large amounts of dark, red blood may indicate a draining hematoma

Question 18

Serosanguineous Exudate

Answer 18

Appearance: Blood-tinged yellow or pink; presence of RBCs

Significance: Expected for 48-72 hours after injury or trauma to the microvasculature. A sudden increase may precede wound
dehiscence (rupture or separation).

Question 19

Serous Exudate

Answer 19

Appearance: Thin, clear yellow, or straw-colored; contains albumin and immunoglobulins

Significance: Occurs in the early stages of most inflammations; common with blisters, joint effusion with rheumatoid arthritis, viral infections (e.g., skin vesicles caused by herpesvirus);
expected for up to 1 week after trauma or surgery. A sudden
increase may indicate a draining seroma (pocket of serum
within tissue or organ)

Question 20

Purulent Exudate

Answer 20

Appearance: Viscous, cloudy, pus; cellular debris from necrotic cells and dying neutrophils (PMNs)

Significance: Usually caused by pus-forming bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci) and indicates infection. May drain suddenly from an abscess (boil).

Question 21

Catarrhal Exudate

Answer 21

Appearance: Thin, clear mucus

Significance: Seen with inflammatory process within mucous membranes (e.g., upper respiratory infection).

Question 22

What causes an increased sensation of pain during inflammation?

Answer 22

1. Chemical mediators: Cytokines lower the depolarization threshold for the nociceptors (pain receptors), making them more sensitive to pain.
2. Direct trauma
3. Internal pressure from swelling
4. Swelling of nerve ends

Question 23

What causes swelling?

Answer 23

Exudation and leukocytes infiltration into extracellular space

Question 24

What causes heat and redness?

Answer 24

Vasodilation and increased blood flow

Question 25

Explain the process of how a leukocyte gets to the spot of trauma (Margination -> Rolling -> Adhesion ->Diapedesis/Transmigration)

Answer 25

Margination -> Rolling -> Adhesion -> Diapedesis/Transmigration

Margination is when WBCs accumulate at the endothelial walls (Increased permeability -> Increased cell concentration -> Hemoconcentration -> slows blood flow -> WBC margination)

Rolling: selectin proteins on the endothelial wall act like velcro, so they weakly bind to integrins on the WBC allowing it to roll down the wall

Adhesion: Integrins on the WBC have a higher affinity for the integrin ligand on the endothelial wall at the sight of injury. They stop rolling because of this affinity

Diapedesis: The WBC migrates through the endothelium

Question 26

Chemotaxis and inflammation

Answer 26

Inflammatory chemicals call chemokines are released at the sight of injury.

This causes WBCs to go to the sight of injury to begin phagocytosis

Question 27

Mechanisms of Phagocytosis

Answer 27

1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
2. Ingestion
3. Formation of phagosome
4. Lysosome fuses with phagosome to form phagolysosome
5. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
6. Discharge of waste

Question 28

What causes fever?

Answer 28

Inflammatory mediators and cytokines pass the blood brain barrier, elevating body temperature