Test 1: Infection Flashcards
Factors decreasing host resistance
Infants/Elderly
Immunocompromised
Genetic susceptibility
Poor nutrition
Chronic disease
Breach of protective barrier (medical lines or tubes)
Anti inflammatory meds (long term glucocorticoids)
Bacterial
Clostridium difficile
ENTERIC CONTACT ISOLATION (gown, gloves, wash hands)
- Often follows a course of antibiotics, detrimental to the normal gut flora
- Prolific diarrhea with characteristic smell
- Commonly diagnosed with stool culture
- Anerobic
- Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Bacterial
Staphylococcus
- Often present on the skin,
typical portal of entry - Prone to biofilm creation
on prosthetic implants - Prone to abscess
formation, purulent
drainage - Staph aureus –most
common cause of septic
arthritis, osteomyelitis,
bacterial endocarditis,
sepsis - trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole,
tetracyclines, and
clindamycin
Bacterial MRSA
(Methicillin-
resistant
Staphylococcus
Aureus)
IV Vancomycin is the typical
treatment
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS (gloves, gown)
Bacterial
Streptococcus
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS (eye, nose, and mouth fully covered)
- Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most
common bacterial pathogens of any age - Gram positive
- Diverse range of infections
o Pharyngitis (strep throat)»»»»»»»
o Scarlet fever»»»»»»»»»»»
o Cellulitis
o Necrotizing fasicitis
o Rheumatic fever
o Glomerulonephritis - Streptococcus pneumoniae
o Pneumococcal pneumonia»»»»»»>
o Otitis media
o Meningitis - Penicillins
Bacterial
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Opportunistic-burns
- Common HAI
- Pneumonia, wound infections, UTI,
sepsis, meningitis- immunocompromised - Moist environments
- Variety of antibiotics
- Characteristic Blue-green drainage and smell
Bacteria
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS (N95, door to room remain closed)
- QuantiFERON-TB Gold
test, others - May be latent for long
periods of time, then
become active - Primarily effects lungs,
but extra pulmonary TB is
possible with
“granulomas” forming in
other tissues (skeletal) - Cough, night sweats,
fever, fatigue, chest pain - Rifampin-
antimycobacterial
Bacteria
Klebsiella (Carbapenem-resistant)
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
- Gram negative
causing urinary,
wound, respiratory
and blood stream
infection - Only two remaining
antibiotics are
effective: Colistin
and Tigecycline
Bacteria
VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci)
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
- Enterococci are
normally found
in intestines,
female genital
tract and
enviornment - Resistant to
vancomycin - Daptomycin
Chlamydiae
- Common STD
- Urethritis, burning with urination
- Discharge
- In women can cause pelvic inflammatory disease
- Typically treated with doxycycline or azithromycin
Rickettsiae
Borrelia BurgdorferI
- Tiny, gram negative bacteria
- Vector transmission vis lice or tick
- Borrelia Burgdorderi most commonly
in the USA - Latent onset of symptoms, up to one month
- 5-14 days, bullseye rash
- Fatigue, chills, headache, arthralgias
- Aseptic meningitis, cranial nerve
impairment - Lyme’s arthritis, cardiac
manifestations - IV Ceftrioxone or oral doxycycline
Infectious Organism
Virus
- Very small intracellular parasite
- Requires a living host cell
- Protein coat and core of either DNA or RNA
- Note the “shedding” phase in the image, highly communicable and can be asymptomatic
- PCR lab test
- Results in low WBC count
Hepatitis A “infectious “or
“daycare” hepatitis
Fecal-oral transmission
Most recover fully in 4-8 weeks
Vaccine available
Hep B
blood borne pathogen, sexually transmitted, needle sticks, mother to child
Most common cause of chronic hepatitis
Vaccine available
Hep C
Previously blood transfusion related, IV drug use
60-70% of chronic hepatitis, associated with liver cancer
No vaccine availble
