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PHYT 6311: Clinical Pathology > Test 1: Module 1 (Intro, Nutrition, Cell Injury) > Flashcards

Test 1: Module 1 (Intro, Nutrition, Cell Injury) Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

A branch of medicine that investigates the essential nature of disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease

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2
Q

Clinical Pathology

A

In medicine refers to pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially the use of laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis.

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

the development of unhealthy conditions or disease, or more specifically, the cellular
events and reactions and other pathologic mechanisms that occur in the development of disease

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4
Q

Health

A

“Complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely as the absenc e of disease or infirmity” - WHO

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5
Q

Illness

A

Sickness or deviation from a healthy state

Has psychological aspects, illness is the perception and response of the person to not being well.

A person can feel ill without an obvious pathology.

Acute Illness and Chronic illness

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6
Q

Acute Illness

A

refers to an illness or disease that has a relatively rapid onset and short duration.

Not synonymous with “severe”

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7
Q

Chronic Illness

A

Long term; long lasting impact

describes illnesses that include one or more of the following characteristics: permanent impairment, residual physical or cognitive disability, or the need for special rehabilitation and/or long term medical management

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8
Q

Disability

A

A physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movement or cognition

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9
Q

Incidence

A

the number of NEW cases at a specific time

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10
Q

Prevalence

A

the number of ALL cases at a specific time

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11
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

Education Access and Quality
Health Care Access and Quality
Economic Stability
Neighborhood and Build Environment
Social and Community Context

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12
Q

Precision Medicine

A

one’s genetic code is used to fine tune:

Susceptibility to disease
Pathogenesis of disease
Therapeutics

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13
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how biology and environmental signals determine gene expression

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14
Q

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

A

potentially traumatic events that can happen to children between the ages of 0 and 17. ACEs can have long-term effects on a person’s health, well-being, and opportunities

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15
Q

Movement System

A

Represents the collection of
systems (cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine,
integumentary, nervous, and musculoskeletal) that interact
to move the body or its component part

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16
Q

Body Functions

A

The physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions)

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17
Q

Body Structures

A

Anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their components

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18
Q

Impairments

A

Problems in body function and structure such as significant deviation or loss

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19
Q

Activity

A

The execution of a task or action by an individual

(ex of limitation:. cannot hold pencil, cannot dress upper body, cannot hold utensil)

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20
Q

Participation

A

Involvement in a life situation

(ex of restrictions: cannot hold pencil to perform work as an accountant, cannot hold a utensil to feed himself, cannot dress herself in PPE for work)

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21
Q

Environmental Factors

A

The physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives. These are either barriers or facilitators of the persons functioning

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22
Q

Nucleus

A

membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s genetic
information (DNA) and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction.

23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER performs many essential cellular functions, including protein synthesis and processing, lipid synthesis, compartmentalization of the nucleus, calcium (Ca2+) storage and release, detoxification of compounds, and lipid transfer and signaling to other organelles

24
Q

Ribosomes

A

small structures present in the cytoplasm or ER. They are
responsible for assembling proteins using amino acids

25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging
proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

26
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all
types of biological polymers – proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and
lipids. Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete
components of the cell itself.

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

produce energy (ATP) for the functioning of the cell. The
number of mitochondria in a depends on the intensity of its activity: a muscle vs fat cell. “powerhouse of the cell”

28
Q

Different Types of Cell Injury

A

Reversible Injury

Irreversible Injury (Necrosis & Apoptosis)

29
Q

Necrosis

A

Necrosis is the end point of a pathologic process that results
in lethal, irreversible cell injury

Pathologic

30
Q

Apoptosis

A

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a genetically mediated and managed process that causes cells to die, generally physiologic

Physiologic

31
Q

Metaplasia

A

A reversible cell injury that results in a change in cell morphology and function resulting from the conversion of one adult cell type into another

32
Q

Dysplasia

A

A reversible cell injury that results in abnormal development of cells
(enlarged or pre-cancerous cells)

33
Q

Causes of cell injury

A
  1. Ischemia (lack of blood supply)
  2. Infectious agents (bacterial or viral)
  3. Immune reaction
  4. Genetic factors (sickle cell, cystic fibrosis)
  5. Nutritional factors (Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperlipedemia)
  6. Physical factors (burns, trauma, frostbite)
  7. Chemical factors (carbon monoxide, alcohol)
34
Q

Main Function of Carbohydrates

A

4 kcal/g

provide energy for the body, specifically for the brain and
muscles.

35
Q

Main Function of Fats

A

9 kcal/g

are a necessary structural component of every cell. They help protect internal organs against injury, and provide many
essential nutrients.

36
Q

Main Function of Proteins

A

4 kcal/g

help build and repair tissues and provide essential amino
acids

37
Q

Recommended Carbohydrates Intake

A

Sedentary 70kg person
* 300g or 40-50% of total daily calories

Physically active person
* 400-600g or 60% of total daily calories

Athlete
* 70% of total daily calories (8-10g per kg body mass)

38
Q

Daily Recommended Lipid Intake

A

20-35% of total daily kcal (depending on lipid type)

39
Q

Recommendations for Protein Intake

A

RDA for adults is 0.8 g/kg of body weight per day or 0.364 g/lb of body weight per day for a sedentary population.

Endurance athletes, defined as engaging in sport-specific
training or participating in more than 10 hours of vigorous
weekly exercise = 1.2–1.4 g/kg of body weight

Resistance trained athletes = 1.4–1.8 g/kg of body weight

40
Q

Malnutrition

A

Nutritional imbalance
* Overnutrition
- Obesity
* Undernutrition
- Lack calories, proteins, or
other nutrients needed for
tissue maintenance and
repair.

41
Q

Etiology-based malnutrition

A

a classification system for malnutrition that considers the cause of the condition.

Three main types:

  • Starvation-related malnutrition
  • Chronic disease-related malnutrition
  • Acute disease or injury-related malnutrition
42
Q

Starvation-related malnutrition

A

Chronic starvation without inflammation, such as from anorexia nervosa

43
Q

Chronic disease-related malnutrition

A

Chronic inflammation of mild to moderate degree, such as from organ failure, pancreatic cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, or sarcopenic obesity

44
Q

Acute disease or injury-related malnutrition

A

Acute inflammation of severe degree, such as from major infection, burns, trauma, or closed head injury

45
Q

Obesity

A

Excessive accumulation of body fat that contributes to
numerous chronic diseases as well as early mortality and
morbidity.

46
Q

Neuroendocrine dysfunction

A

Mechanism proposed to explain the development of effects of obesity

Spontaneous genetic mutations that impair CNS signaling cause disrupted food intake and weight
management

46
Q

Risk Factors for Obesity

A

Sedentary lifestyle

High glycemic diet

Underlying illness (eg. hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome)

Genetic disorder (Prader-Willi syndrome)

Medications (increased appetite or food cravings associated with prescription medications)

Environmental and psychosocial/behavioral factors (sexual abuse, socioeconomic status, eating disorders, lack of sleep)

47
Q

Hormonal dysfunction

A

Mechanism proposed to explain the development of effects of obesity

Impaired cortisol secretion, insulin resistance, elevated BP, and visceral accumulation of body fat

48
Q

Adipose cell theory

A

Mechanism proposed to explain the development of effects of obesity

obese people inherently have excessive number and larger fat cells, with elevated lipoprotein lipase (helps fat be deposited into adipocytes).

49
Q

Energy dysregulation

A

Mechanism proposed to explain the development of effects of obesity

Obese people may have fewer ATPase pumps -> expending less energy

50
Q

Microbial theory

A

Mechanism proposed to explain the development of effects of obesity

gut microflora has improved ability to extract and store energy from ingested food

51
Q

Clinical manifestation of obesity

A

Diabetes

Asthma

Functional impairments/deficits
* Shortness of breath (SOB)
* ADL limitations
* Increased risk for falls
* Increased incidence of hip, knee, back pain

Lower extremity lymphedema
* BMI > 59 may impair lymphatic flow

Complications with pregnancy

52
Q

Treatment Strategies for Obesity

A

Weight loss
* Moderate calorie intake
* Behavioral modifications
* Exercise
* Social support

Medication in conjunction with lifestyle changes

Bariatic surgery

Behavioral and lifestyle changes

PHYT 6311: Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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