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SUPA Psychology > Test 1- Memory > Flashcards

Test 1- Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Three Key Processes of Memory

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into memory

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3
Q

Storage

A

How things get into memory

Divided into long and short term memory

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

How is the information pulled out of memory

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5
Q

The Role of Attention

A

The more your attention is divided, the less you will remember

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6
Q

Levels of Processing

A

Structural (physical structure)

Phonemic (sounds)

Semantic (relating to another memory)-> deepest

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7
Q

Ways to improve encoding

A

Visual imagery (imagining things when remembering)

Elaboration (thinking of examples in your own life)

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8
Q

Storage

A

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory

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9
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Things experienced through senses

lasts ~1 second

If remembered, it moves to short term memory

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10
Q

Short-term Memory

A

Limited duration (~20 seconds)

limited capacity (4+-1)

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11
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating thoughts to extend short-term memory

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12
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items into more meaningful units to improve short-term memory

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13
Q

Working Memory

A

Active short-term memory

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14
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memory of movements in order

(ex. doing one thing then another then another)

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15
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Unlimited capacity and length

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16
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Vivid recollections of major events

no more accurate than standard memories

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17
Q

Clustering

A

Remembering items in groups

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18
Q

Conceptual Hierarchies

A

Multi-level classification system based on properties

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19
Q

Schemas

A

Clusters of knowledge about things applied to new situations

use past experience for new situations

stereotype: can make you remember things consistent with your schema that is not actually present

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20
Q

Semantic Networks

A

Memories are connected

recalling one can lead to another

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21
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information out of memory

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22
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Remembering items at the beginning and end of a list

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23
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Tendency to remember at the beginning of the list

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24
Q

Recency Effect

A

Tendency to remember things at the end of a list

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25
Q

Isolation Effect

A

Tendency to remember unusual things

26
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

A

Memory emerges as details are revealed

happens around once a week

occurs more with age

27
Q

Context Cues

A

Surroundings help trigger memory recall

28
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Memory distorted by leading questions or media

29
Q

Reality and Source Monitoring

A

Determining if a memory is real or imagined

30
Q

Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

A

Shows how information is lost over time

based on one of the first big experiments in psych

memory has a big drop off early on, then continues to drop as time passes but more gradually.
(logarithmic)

31
Q

Recall

A

Pulling memories out without cues

more difficult

32
Q

Recognition

A

identifying things when presented

Easier

33
Q

Pseudoforgetting

A

Not actually remembering what was never memorized

harder to remember after as time was not spent memorizing

34
Q

Decay

A

Forgetting due to passage of time

35
Q

Interference

A

Forgetting due to competing memories

36
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Old info interferes with new info

37
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New info interferes with old info

38
Q

P.O.R.N

A

P: Proactive interferes with the…
O: Old
R: Retroactive interferes with the…
N: New

39
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

Memory can depend on the internal/mental state of the person.

ex. Happy= remembering happy memory

40
Q

Context Dependent Memory

A

Memory is easier to recall in the context it was encoded

41
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A

Forgetting unpleasant memories (repression)

has both skeptics and supporters

42
Q

Skeptics of Repressed Memories

A

® Do not think that individuals are lying on purpose

® Therapists may ask leading questions until the patient creates a false memory

® Many studies show that it is easy to create false memories

® Some court cases discredit the existence of repressed memories

® Misinformation effect, source monitoring, and other researched areas show us that memory is not as reliable as many of us think.

43
Q

Supporters of Repressed Memories:

A

® Abuse is more common than we think

® Repression is a natural response to trauma

® Lab research on implanting memories cannot be compared to emotional events like sexual abuse

44
Q

Amnesia

A

Retrograde (forget past)

Anterograde (can’t form new memories)

45
Q

Hippocampus

A

Brain region associated with memory

46
Q

Consolidation

A

Hypothetical process of solidifying long-term memories

47
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Factual Memory

48
Q

Nondeclarative/ Procedural Memory

A

Things that aren’t as factual, “showing not telling”
ex. riding a bike

Emotional memory

49
Q

Declarative: Semantic

A

General knowledge

ex. Paris is the capital of France

50
Q

Declarative: Episodic

A

More personal factual memory

ex. remembering you got sick in France

51
Q

Retrospective Memory

A

Thinking about what happened in the past

52
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Reminding yourself of something in the future

53
Q

Destination Memory

A

– Not on Test–
The process of remembering to whom one has told information

54
Q

Dual-coding theory

A

Theory that states that memory can be enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes

55
Q

Source Monitoring

A

The process of making inferences about the origins of memories.

can be difficult to pinpoint the source of a memory

56
Q

Source-monitoring Error

A

Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.

people can remember seeing things that someone else told them

57
Q

Retention Interval

A

The length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered, and the measurement of forgetting

58
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of retetention that requires a participant to memorize information a second time, later in the future, to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before

59
Q

Mnemonic Devices

A

Making information personally meaningful

60
Q

Mnemonic Device: Acrostics & Acronyms

A

Acrostics: Phrases in which the first letter of each word or line functions as a cue to help you recall info

Acronyms: A work formed out of the first letters of a series of words

61
Q

Mnemonic Device: Link Method

A

Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

The stranger the image, the stronger the memory

62
Q

Mnemonic Device: Method of Loci

A

Involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

Images on the path should serve as cues for the retrieval of memories

SUPA Psychology (3 decks)

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