Conditioning Flashcards
What is learning?
Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
What is conditioning?
Learning associations between events in an organism’s environment
What is classical conditioning?
A neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response originally caused by another stimulus
What was Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with unconditioned stimulus?
Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) → Unconditioned Response (Salivation)
What was Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with neutral stimulus?
Neutral Stimulus (Bell) → No Salivation
What happens when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
Neutral Stimulus (Bell) + Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) → Unconditioned Response (Salivation)
What is the conditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?
Conditioned Stimulus (Bell) → Conditioned Response (Salivation)
What was John Watson’s ‘Little Albert Study’ with unconditioned stimulus?
Unconditioned Stimulus (Loud noise) → Unconditioned Response (Fear)
What is the conditioned response in Watson’s ‘Little Albert Study’?
Conditioned Stimulus (White rat) → Conditioned Response (Fear)
What is evaluative conditioning?
Pairing a product (neutral stimulus) with positive stimuli to create an association
What are primary reinforcers/punishers?
Relate to basic biological needs (e.g., food, water)
What are secondary reinforcers/punishers?
Do not satisfy basic biological needs (e.g., money, toys)
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a reward (e.g., Amazon gift card for reading books)
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant (e.g., cleaning your room to stop nagging)
What is positive punishment?
Adding a penalty (e.g., receiving a speeding ticket)
What is negative punishment?
Taking away a privilege (e.g., losing weekend outings for breaking curfew)
What is avoidance learning?
Learning to prevent or avoid an unpleasant event or consequence
What is food aversion in biology and conditioning?
Avoiding certain foods after a negative experience
What did Martin Seligman propose about preparedness?
People are biologically prepared to develop certain fears for protection
What did Edward Tolman say about latent learning and cognitive maps?
Learning can occur without immediate reinforcement and become apparent later
What are the four key processes of observational learning?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
