Test 1- Lecture 3 Flashcards
what 3 stages does interphase include?
G1: growth, S: DNA replication and G2: growth
what does bulk filtration occur with?
small molecules and water
what is cytokinesis?
division of cytoplasm
what is simple diffusion?
The movement of a solute from high to low concentration
what are gap junctions?
pores that connect neighboring cells’ cytoplasm
Where are tight junctions found?
they encircle near the apical end.
What are the four types of tissue?
epithelial, connective, muscle. nervous
What is the purpose of gap junctions?
They allow quick communication between cells
What is endocytosis?
Movement of large substances into the cell in a transport vesicle
What does simple mean when it comes to tissues?
A single layer
what is interphase?
maintenance and growth stage
what is mitosis?
division of nucleus
what is the glycocalyx?
external carbohydrate coat
lysosomes function
breakdown of intercellular debris
chromatin function
uncoiled chromosomes in nucleus and associated proteins
What do desmosomes do?
they are buttons between cells (they hold together)
What are the four types of intercellular junctions?
tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
what is innervation?
connected to nerve endings
what are the two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
what is the movement of molecules in passive transport?
high concentration to low concentration
Which way to molecules move in active transport?
Low to high concentration
mitochondria function
energy production
What does osmosis occur with?
water
what does facilitated diffusion occur with?
large and/or polar molecules
what are organelles?
Little organs with specific functions
peroxisomes
contains catalase and oxidative enzymes that breakdown lipids and other toxic substances by converting them into hydrogen peroxide and then breaking them down into water and oxygen
what is membrane transport?
allows nutrients, waste, water in and out of the cell in a controlled manner
what is the cytoplasm?
all materials between the membrane and nucleus
What is exocytosis?
the movement of large substances OUT of the cell into a transport vesicle
what is osmosis?
the movement of water from high to low concentration
what are the two types of membrane transport?
passive and active transport
what phase is 90% of a cell’s life?
interphase
Centrioles function
organize the spindle microtubules that attach to chromosomes during mitosis
What does stratified mean when it comes to tissues?
Multiple layers
What is cyotosol?
The viscous (jelly like) fluid containing dissolved substances
what does the mitotic phase include?
mitosis and cytokinesis
What is the criteria for classifying tissues?
The number of layers and the shape
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
nucleolus
synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in nucleus
what does active transport require?
energy (ATP) and a transporter protein
what is regeneration?
high mitotic activity. This happens because the apical surface is exposed to the environment so it gets damaged easily.
What is epithelial tissue?
external and internal lining of boy surfaces, cavities, and organs
what are tight junctions considered?
the gatekeepers between internal and external environment
What are the four functions of epithelial tissue?
protection, selective permeability, secretion, sensation
does passive transport require energy?
No.
what is tissue?
group of cells performing similar functions
Rough ER function
synthesizes proteins meant for cell membrane
what do adhering junctions do?
they contain microfilaments that stabilize the apical surface
what are the functions of the glycocalyx? (3)
adhesion, barrier, recognition
What are cells composed of?
cells and extracellular matrix
What do tight junctions do?
they prevent substances from traveling between cells, so they must go through the cell to be regulated.
what is bulk filtration?
movement across membrane due to HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (water pressure)
what are epithelial tissue’s characteristics?
composed almost entirely of cells, has an apical and basal surface, a basement membrane, lacks blood vessels, connected to nerve endings, and high mitotic activity
phagocytosis
projects pseudopods and engulfs particles (cell eating)
what are inclusions and example?
large aggregates of specific molecules
Ex. a reserve of glycogen in the liver
What is the extracellular matrix?
substance produced by cell, located outside (protein fibers, salts, water)
what is a solute?
anything that gets dissolved into a solution
what are the two types of organelles?
membrane bound and non membrane bound
what is facilitated diffusion?
a transporter protein decides the movement from a high to low concentration
What does the cytoplasm include?
cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
What is the mitotic phase?
Cell dividing to form to genetically identical cells
what does simple diffusion occur with?
small and non polar molecules
golgi apparatus function
receives proteins from rough ER and then modifies, packages, and sorts them to go to other organelles or the plasma membrane
plasma membrane
selectively permeable barrier between intercellular and extracellular environments
what are the four types of passive transport?
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and bulk filtration
smooth ER function
cite of lipid synthesis and detoxification of alcohol and drugs
cytoskeleton function
main structural support for the cell (contains microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments)
where does DNA replication and growth occur in the cell cycle?
the S phase
what is avascularity?
lack of blood vessels
where are adhering junctions found?
they encircle deep to tight junctions
What does pseudo stratified mean when it comes to tissues?
single layer, but nuclei look stratified
What is polarity?
having an apical and basal surface
What are the two (2) parts of bulk transport?
Exoctyosis and endocytosis
pinocytosis
folds inward, brings in fluid (cell drinking)
Where are desmosomes located?
at stress points for extra reinforcement
cytoplasm function
suspend cellular organelles
