Test 1 - Intro to Biology and Biochemistry Flashcards
Intro to Biology
Bio meand life
ology means study of
Characteristics of Life
organization response to stimuli homeostasis metabolism growth and development reproduction change through time (genes remain unchanged; change physically)
Themes of Biology
Unity and diversity in life
Interdependence of Organisms
evolution of life
Scientific Method
Goal was to discover and catalog the creations of our lord during the renaissance period of europe, faith was strong but they sought an explanation, learn about god through nature and creation, today not necessarily the case, wanted standard techniques and procedures
investigate things, acquire knowledge, orderly providing of it
1) Question what do we want ot learn about
2) Research - gather information
3) hypothesis - guess what is happening
4) Procedure - experiment
Data - info collected , #, observations, information collected in words
5) Conclusion
Composition of Matter
Matter, mass, weight
Energy
Chemical reactants are substances that enter chemical reactions, products are substances produced by chemical reactions
Water and Solutions
.
Biochemistry
.
Steps of scientific method
Question, research, hypothesis, procedure, data, observations, conclusion
Roots of scientific method
Aistotle, ibn alhaytham
Organized chaos
Seps to the process but accidental discoveries unintended results
Normal standard
Control
Experimental
Variable changed
Independent ->
Dependent
Action->
Reaction
Matter
Occupies space and has mass
Mass
Quantity of matter an object has
Weight
Amount or quantity of heaviness or mass
Weight is a measure of
Mass
States
Solid, liquid, gas … addition of energy to a substance can change its state
Physical state and changes, phase change needs 2 factors
Heat and pressure, interplay, increase heat need more pressure and increase pressure need more heat there is an interplay
Elements made of a single kind of
Atom (like oxygen) . cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances; smallest component of a substance with the characteristics of the substance
Atoms composed of
Protons, neutrons and electrons. Nucleus has protons and neutrons, the shell has electrons
Electrons charge is
Negative, move around nucleus, orbital
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neitrons
Isotopes - examples are heavy water deuterium nuclear reactors
Formed when two atoms share electrons
Covalent bonds
Formed when one atom gives up an electon to another
Ionic bond …the positive ion is attracted to a negative ion to form the ionic bond
In an ionic bond, the positive ion is
Then attracted to a negative ion to form the ionic bond
Energy is either absorbed or
Released
Absorbed energy
Endothermic
Released energy
Exothermic
Energy needed to begin a reaction
Activation energy
Reduce the needed activation energy
Catalysts
Chemical reaction where electrons are excahnged between atoms
Oxidation reduction reactions
What will be on teSt?
7 matching, 22 multiple choice, 6 short essay
Review chemistry of life chapter in openstac
SEE BOOK
List 7 characteristics of life
organization response to stimuli homeostasis metabolism growth and development reproduction change through time
Molecules with uneven distribution of charge
Polar molecules
In polar molecules, electrons are shared
Unevenly, one end slightly positive, other slitly negative; uneven distribution of charge example water
Solubility of water
Polarity of water effective dissolver
The force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom of molecule with a partial or full negative charge
Hydrogen bond
Attractive forces that hold molecules of a single substance together
Cohesion
Attractive force between 2 particles of different substances
Adhesion
Water has the ability to absorb a relatively large amount of molecules
Temperature moderation
A solution consists of a solute diluted in a
Solvent
Ionization of water
Water ionizes into hydronium ions h3o+ and hydroxide ions oh-
Acidic solution
More hydronium ions (HCL and H2CO3)
Basic solution
More hydroxide ions (common bases NaOH and KOH)
Scale for comparing relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solutiom
Ph scale from 0 to 14
Chemicals that neutralize the effects of adding small amounts of either an acid or a base to a solution
Buffers
All compounds fit into 2 broad categories
Organic and inorganic
Made of carbon, living in past
Organic
Noncarbon based, never alive
Inorganic
Carbon bonding - 4 electrons, want to bond 4 times
4 covalent bonds
Carbon bonding - often bonds to itself
Enormous variety of compounds, variety of shapes but two main catagories organic and inorganic; carbon has 4 electrons. Bonds 4 times in covalent bonds; can be doubled or tripled
Functional groups
Clusters of atoms in a molecule
Influence its characteristics
Influence chemical reactions molecule undergoes
Carbon compound list
Carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, lipids
Organic compounds made of c h o
Carbo hy drates
Organic compounds made of c h o n
Proteins
Biological catalysts made of proteins attach to a substance at active site promotes chemical reactio
Enzymes
Large, nonpolar molecules made of c h o ex fatty acid, wax, steroid
Lipids
organization
high order within
organism parts
internal and external
example atom, molecule, organelle
oxygen, glucose, nucleaus
Greek philosopher, 384BC-322 BCT, observation and classification based upon analysis
Aristotle
965-1039 “truth is sought for its own sake. And those who are engaged upon the quest for anything for its own sake are not interested in anything else”
Ibn Al-haytham
1794-1866 wrote history and philosophy of inductive science
William Whewell
1896-1961 careful in analysis, bias, first to recognize this
Ludwig Fleck
compares control and experimental
controlled experiment - ideally one small variable
performing the experiment manipulate what
the independent variable and measure the dependent variable
what kind of essay has an intro, talk about the other side and why they are wrong, why my side is right and has a conclusion
argumentative essay
to avoid bias, results need to be
repeatable
way to disprove hypothesis
something else unknown
something else possible at work
require time and repeatabilty
set of repeated hypothesis confirmed to be true many times includes a great amount of daya
theory
atoms of 2 elements joined together
compound
chemical bonds into fixed proportions
bonding
substances that enter chemical reaction
reactants
substances produced by chemical reaction
substances
proteins or RNA speed up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed
enzymes
chemical reaction electrons exchanged between atom; one gives one receives example is rust
oxidation/reduction
example of hydrogen bonding
density of ice, solid water is less dense than liquid shape of h20 and h bonding, most dense at 4 degrees celcius
