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Blood Bank Test 1 > Test 1 General Information > Flashcards

Test 1 General Information Flashcards

1
Q

Karl Landsteiner

A

First defined the ABO blood system.

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2
Q

What is ACD?

A 
Acid-Citrate-Dextrose
A preservative (Loutit & Mollison)
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3
Q

What is CPD

A 
Citrate-phosphate-dextrose
A preservative (Gibson)
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4
Q

When was the first blood bank established? Where? By who?

A

1941 (WWI)
Presbyterian Hospital
American Red Cross

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5
Q

What are the usable components of one unit of blood?

A

Packed red blood cells (RBCs)
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
Platelets (Plt)
Clotting Factors (AHF)

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6
Q

Charles Drew

A

Pioneer in blood transfusions; lead to widespread system of blood banks

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7
Q

Why were early transfusions problematic?

A

Whole blood transfusions lead to circulatory overload. Component therapy more successful

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8
Q

How many pints of blood do adults have?

A

10-12 pints

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9
Q

How long does it take to replace fluid lost during blood donation?

A

w/in 24 hours

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10
Q

How long does it take to replace RBCs after donation?

A

1-2 months

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11
Q

How often can someone donate blood?

A

Every 8 weeks (RBCs/whole blood)

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12
Q

What is the donor procedure?

A

Educational Info, Donor Health History, Physical Exam

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13
Q

What does the donor physical exam consist of?

A

Temp, blood pressure, HCT/Hgb

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14
Q

How long does HepB&C and HIV live at room temperature?

A

HepB&C lives for 7 days

HIV dies once it leaves the body

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15
Q

Which fluids are considered non-infectious as long as they are not visibly contaminated with blood?

A

Nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, urine, saliva, stool, and tears.

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16
Q

What are the tests run on donor blood?

A 
HIV Type 1,2,O
Hep C
Hep B core
Hep B surface
HTLV (human t-cell lymphotrophic virus)c
Syphilis
West Nile, Chagas, CMV, sickle cell
ABO/Rh
Antibody Screening
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17
Q

Hep B Core Antibody

A

Signifies a past HepB infection (will always be positive if you have ever had it)

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18
Q

Hep B Surface Antigen

A

Signifies a current infection

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19
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate forms of a gene that may be present at a single chromosome locus.

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20
Q

Amorph

A

Genes without detectable traits

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21
Q

Autosome

A

Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes (humans have 22). Autosomes are alike.

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22
Q

Chromosome

A

Threads of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell. Genes are found along these strands (humans have 23)

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23
Q

Crossing-over

A

After replication during meiosis, genes which are not closely linked will cross over and exchange genetic material between paired chromosomes, resulting in recombination to give 2 new and different chromosomes.

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24
Q

DNA Overview

A

Sugar deoxyribose; 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosomes)

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25
Q

Dosage

A

Stronger expression of a gene due to homozygous inheritance

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26
Q

Genes

A

Units which code for various expressions of inherited genetic information. Basic unit of inheritance within a chromosome.

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27
Q

Genotype

A

The actual genes inherited; often determined by family studies.

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28
Q

Heterozygous

A

(Kk) the inherited genes differ at the chromosomal locus

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29
Q

Homozygous

A

(KK or kk) both of the inherited genes are identical at a given chromosomal locus.

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30
Q

Linkage

A

The tendency of genes that are in close proximity on a chromosome to be associated in inheritance.

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31
Q

Parentage testing: Direct exclusion

A

The offspring expresses a trait that the mother or alleged father do not have

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32
Q

Parentage testing: Indirect excllusion

A

The offspring does not possess a gene that should have been inherited.

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33
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable expression of inherited genes.

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34
Q

Polymorphic

A

Describes a population that contains 2 or more phenotypes.

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35
Q

Private genes

A

Exceedingly rare genes found only in a few people.

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36
Q

Public genes

A

Genes found in most of the public.

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37
Q

RNA

A

Ribose surgar, thymine replaced by uracil

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38
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic that is inherited

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39
Q

X-linked

A

Blood group genes located on the X chromosome: Xga, Xk, XS

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40
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Monk who described hereditary laws in pea plants.

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41
Q

Law of Independent Segregation

A

Factors (genes) cause different traits, and these appear in pairs in the individual (diploid 2x), but that gametes (haploid 1x) have traits segregated to inherit to each offspring (TT x tt = 3:1 ration in second generation)

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42
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Two trait behave independently in inheritance (TTYY x ttyy = 9:3:3:1 in second generation)

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43
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Both alleles are expressed, but one is stronger than the other (ex. Sickle cell carrier)

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44
Q

Codominance

A

Equal expression of two different inherited alleles. Most blood group genes produce codominant traits.

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45
Q

Mitosis

A

Somatic cell division which results in two identical diploid cells

46
Q

Meiosis

A

Gamete cell division which results in 4 haploid cells.

47
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Interphase

48
Q

DNA purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine

49
Q

DNA pyrimidine bases

A

Thymine and Cytosine

50
Q

4 reasons why traits can be a genetic marker?

A

Simple unequivocal pattern of inheritance
Classification of phenotypes by reliable techniques
High frequency of common alleles at particular locus
Absence of effect of environment factors, age, interaction w/ other genes, or variable on expression of trait.

51
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Law

A

Algebraic Law that states the relative proportion of genotypes with respect to a given locus remains constant in a population as long as mating is random. (

52
Q

Codon

A

Arrangement of 3 base pairs

53
Q

Activation

A

The initiation of the complement cascade.

54
Q

Alternate Pathway

A

Mechanism of complement activation that does not involve activation of C1, C4, C2 pathway by antigen-antibody complexes. Need Factor B, Factor D, Properdin, and C3 to begin.

55
Q

Anamnestic Response

A

high quality antibodies (IgG class) secreted by B memory cells. Secondary exposure to an antigen which results in IgG antibody production (1-2 days, larger response than IgM)

56
Q

Anaphylatoxin

A

Substance capable of releasing histamine from mast cells (C3a, C5a)

57
Q

Antibody

A

The product of the humoral immune response. Antibody is produced in response to specific immunogenic (antigenic) stimulus by plasma cells, a terminal stage of B-cell proliferation.

58
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign, non-self substance that leads to a immune response.
A substance that is capable or reacting with the product of an immune response (antibody and antigen combine to from Ag-Ab reaction)
A molecule with a known binding specificity

59
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

Process in the body’s immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells, and other cell types capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells.

60
Q

B Lymphocyte

A

Bone marrow derived; influenced by the fetal liver, bone marrow, or gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) or bone marrow derived cells. They mature during an immune response to become plasma cells.

61
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

An immune response which does not involve antibodies or complement, but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

62
Q

Classic Pathway

A

The mechanism of complement activation initiated by antigen-antibody aggregates and proceeding by way of C1, C4, and C2.

63
Q

Clonal Selection Theory

A

Widely accepted model for how the immune system responds to infection and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for destruction of specific antigens invading the body.

64
Q

Clone

A

groups of B cells or plasma cells that produce the same specificity

65
Q

Complement

A

Humoral; Series of proteins in the circulation that, when activated, act as enzymes and participate in a number of biologic activities, including lysis of cells, opsonization, chemotaxis, and so forth.

66
Q

Cytokines

A

A category of signaling molecules that, like hormones and neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cellular communication.

67
Q

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte

A

CD8; Capable of inducing the death of infected somatic or tumor cells; they kill cells that are infected with viruses (or other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. Down-regulate immune response.

68
Q

Disulfide Bond

A

(S-S) hold together the two pairs of chains covalently. Allows molecule to flex and hold its shape in 3 dimensions.

69
Q

Epitope

A

the antigenic determinant small portion composed of as few as 5 or 6 amino acids or sugars. Responsible for specificity, meaning the region contains the molecular configurations that allow recognition by the corresponding antibody (site of bonding)

70
Q

FcReceptor

A

A receptor on a cell surface with specific binding affinity for the Fc portion of an antibody molecule.

71
Q

Haptens

A

A substance that by itself is too small to stimulate an immune response but when coupled with a protein of larger molecular weight can stimulate a response. Haptens by themselves can react with the product of an immune response.

72
Q

Heavy Chains

A

The larger of two chains that comprise the normal antibody molecule.

73
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

An immune response that leads to the production of an antibody (soluble substance in fluid)

74
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Nonspecific detruction and treats all invaders the same.

75
Q

Innate Immunity First Line of Defense

A

Skin, mucous membranes, sweat, tears, sneezing, coughing, pH

76
Q

Innate Immunity Second Line of Defense

A

Phagocytes; release of interferon and interleukins

77
Q

Hypervariable

A

Amino acid sequences (3 in each light chain, and 4 in each heavy) with complementary shapes. Dictate goodness of fit and wheather an antibody-antigen will complex.

78
Q

Idiotype

A

Portion of the immunoglobulin molecule that is the antigen combining site; found in the variable region.

79
Q

Immunization

A

The process by which an individual’s immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as an immunogen)

80
Q

Immunogen

A

A substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response.

81
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Proteins capable of acting as antibodies. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE

82
Q

Killer Cell

A

Fc receptor; Large granular lymphocytes that appear to have the ability to destroy tumor cells. May be drawn to antibody coated tumor cell.

83
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells

84
Q

Macrophage

A

Motile, mature forms of peripheral blood monocytes.
Nonspecific and attracted to opsonized particles.
Have an Fc receptor for antibodies with a bound antigen
Complement receptor
Presents particles to T and B cell for destruction

85
Q

Memory Cell

A

cells generated after an initial encounter with an antigen (at primary infection); may circulate in blood for years. Can be activated very quickly.

86
Q

Nonself

A

“not me” or “not like me”

87
Q

Perforin

A

Released by cytotoxic T cells. Kills viruse infected cells by releasing large amounts of calcium, which prevents virus replication (and death)

88
Q

Plasma Cell

A

Formally a B cell; large cell full of protein producing endoplasmic reticulum which can gush antibody for 3-4 days. Antibody produced has the same antibody specificity as original B cell’s surface antigen receptor

89
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

The first encounter with an antigen resulting in a relatively slow response (5-7 days to generate antibody and appreciable number of activated cells). IgM produced in low concentration (takes 3-4 weeks)

90
Q

Properdin Pathway

A

Stabilizing protein in the alternate pathway of complement activation.

91
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

Second exposure to an antigen which results in the production of large amounts of IgG in a short time (1-2 days). Influenced by affinity and avidity.

92
Q

Self

A

“same as me” or “like me”

93
Q

T Lymphocyte

A

Thymus derived lymphocyte which manifest cellular immunity, but also play a helper role in humoral immunity. Provides protection against invading viruses, fungi, and facultative microorganisms.

94
Q

Variable Region

A

The region of an antibody molecule in which specificity is determined by the amino acid sequence.

95
Q

Constant Region

A

The area of the immunoglobulin molecule that is composed of a relatively constant amino acid sequence.

96
Q

Zeta Potential

A

Net negative charge of the red blood cell, measured at the surface of shear.

97
Q

What makes up the immune system?

A

Leukocytes, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic channels, and the thymus

98
Q

When do B cells become plasma cells?

A

If a B cell has recognized it’s specific antigen using its specific cell surface antigen receptor (an antibody molecule, which may be called surface immunoglobulin) and has received a cytokine signal from the T helper cell, the B cell divides and differentiates to become a plasma cell.

99
Q

Allogenic

A

foreign: from a donor other than the transfusion recipient.

100
Q

Autologous

A

Self

101
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Process where the body’s resistance to a specific antigen happens after recognition and is mediated by B and T lymphocytes. Characterized by immunological memory.

102
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Failure to recognize or tolerate “self”

103
Q

What type of cell synthesizes immunoglobulins?

A

B cells or plasma cells (with help from T cells)

104
Q

Antigenic determinant (epitope)

A

The only location of bonding between an antibody and antigen, with a “lock and key structure”

105
Q

What are the functions of immunoglobulins?

A 
Antigen binding
Facilitate phagocytosis (Fc receptors and macrophages)c
Neutralize toxins
Activate/fix complement
Kill microbes
106
Q

What are the percentages of immunoglobulins?

A 
IgG 70-80%
IgA 13%
IgM 10%
IgG 1%
IgE trace
107
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme which cleaves antibodies into 1 joint with 2 Fabs and S-S and 1 tiny Fc (ex Y + pepsin = v (fab) + I (Fc))

108
Q

Papain

A

Enzyme which cleaves antibodies into 2 Fabs and 1 Fc (ex. Y + papain = \ (fab) + / (fab) + I Fc)

109
Q

Fc

A

Constant region of antibody responsible for complement fixation, monocyte binding (IgG placental transfer)

110
Q

Fab

A

Variable region of antibody responsible for antigen binding

111
Q

Antigen- antibody reactions that proceed to the final stages of complement may result in what?

A

Hemolysis

Blood Bank Test 1 (5 decks)

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