Test 1: Exchanges, Vitamins, Minerals, NCP Flashcards
iron requirements
M 8mg, W18mg, W8mg after menopause
vitamin C functions
preserve capillary integrity, immune response, allergic reaction increase nonheme iron absorption, e- transport reactions, antioxidant
vitamin C food sources
citrus, tomatoes, peppers, melons, cabbage, strawberries, pineapple, kiwi, potatoes
vitamin C requirements
M90mg F75mg
Vitamin C deficiency cause…
scurvy, moeller-barlow disease, weakness in bones, teeth, connective tissue. cause fatigue, rheumatic pains
list the vitamins and minerals related to metabolism are…
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pyridoxine (B6) folate, B12, panthothenic acid, iodine, biotin, choline
bioflavanoid food sources
plant origins, noncaratonid red, yellow, purple (blueberries, raspberries)
bioflavanoid function
decrease capillary fragility, antioxidant (reduce risk of cancer and CV disease)
what would classify as acute illness in MUST screening
critically ill, swallowing difficulties, stroke, head injuries, GI surgery
What are the MUST scores the correspond to BMI?
> 20 Score 0
18.5 - 19.9 Score 1
18.5 Score 2
How do you convert lbs to kg
divide by 2.2
How do you convert inches to cm
multiply by 2.54
What are the four steps of the MUST screening
determine BMI, Determine weight loss score, Determine if accute illness and no nutrient intake for greater than 5 days. Add the scores together and determine risk level.
What are the classifications for BMI
<18.5 Undernutrition 18.6-24.9 Normal 25-29.9 Overweight 30-34.9 Obesity I 35-40 Obesity II >40 Obesity III
How to calculate %Weight Loss
UBW-CBW/UBW x 100
Calculate IBW for Men
100 for first 5 feet and 6*x for remaining inches past 5 feet
Riboflavin functions
antioxidant, metabolism of CHO, amino acids, lipids. Coenzyme. Enzymatic role in tissue respiration and transport H ions.
Riboflavin sources
milk, dairy, organ meats, leafy greens, eggs
Riboflavin requirements
M1.3mg F1.1mg
Riboflavin deficiency causes
tearing/burning eyes, burning/sore lips, cracks in skin around lips, purple, swolloen tongue, loss of visual acuity
vitamin a function
essentail for growth and developement, maintain epithelial cells, nigh vision, normal bone and tooth developement, antioxidant, immune function, reproduction
vitamin a sources
liver, kidney, milk, fat, egg yolk, leafy vegetables, apricots, peaches, cantaloups
vitamin a requirements
M900 F700
vitamin a deficiency causes
impaired vision, night blindness, impaired embryonic developement, anemia, keratinization of mucus membrane
vitamin D food sources
milk, fat, liver, egg yolk, salmon, tune fish, sardines
vitamin D requirements
600IU/day
800IU/day if over 70
vitamin D deficiency causes
rickets (structural abnormalities, bone pain, muscle tenderness, bowed legs.) Osteomalacia (psuedofractures, muscle weakness, increase falls, fractures)
Niacin function
component of NAD, NADPH for energy production and metabolism of CHO and Amino Acids. Mechanisms for DNA repair and gene stability. Glycolysis, fat synthesis, tissue respiration.
Niacin sources
cereal, organ meats, fish, duck, veal, rice, tomato products, peanuts, tofu, peas, eggs, peanut butter
Niacin deficiency
Pall agora muscle weakness anorexia, indigestion, skin eruptions
Pectin function
modify serum lipid concnetration, bind and increase excretion of minerals, lipids, bile acids.
Pectin benefit
decrease serum cholesterol
Pectin sources
apples, carrots, strawberries, citrus
fructan function
increase growth of bacteria in gut, used as fat replacer
fructan sources
extracted from chicory and onions
calculate IBW for women
100 for the first 5 feet + 5*X inches over 5 feet
calculate %IBW
CBW/IBW *100
calculate %UBW
CBW/UBW *100
Chitin function
reduce serum cholesterol
chitin sources
supplements from extracted crab and lobster shell
Gums function
gel formation, decrease gastric emptying, slow digestion, slow gut transit time, slow absorption
gums sources
oats, legumes, guar, barley
what is the equation for BMI
weight (kg)/ {height (m) squared}
Lignin function
produce short chain fatty acids after fermentation, modify serum lipid concnetration
lignin benefits
lower risk of tumor formation (antioxidant)
lignin sources
fruits, edible seeds, vegetables
hemicellulose function
increase water holding capcaity, increase fecal volume
hemicellulose benefit
decrease transity gut time
hemicellulose sources
bran, whole wheat
cellulose function
increase water holding, increase fecal volume
cellulose benefit
increase transit time
cellulose sources
whole wheat, bran, vegetables
what would classify as severe weight loss for 1 week, month, 3 months, 6 months
1 week: >1%
1 month: >3%
3 months: >7.5%
6 months: >10%
what would classify as a significant % weight loss in 1 week, month, 3 months, 6 months
1 week: 1-2%
1 month: 3%
3 months: 7.5%
6 months: 10%
What are the MUST scores that correspond to unplanned weight loss in the past 3-6 months
<5% Score O
5-10% Score 1
>10% Score 2
What are the ABCDEs of Assessment
Anthropometrics, Biochemical, Clinical, Dietary, Environment
Thiamin funtion
coenzyme for dehydrogenase complex in metabolism. Needed for growth, appetite, digestion, nerves.
thiamin sources
pork liver, organ meats, whole grains, breads, wheat germs, portatoes
thiamin requirements
M1.2mg F1.1mg
thiamin deficiency s/s
anorexia, indigestion, constipation, tender calf muscles, fast pulse, high blood pressure
Iron function
red/ox reactions, iron enzymes, oxygen transport through blood to muscles. e- transport, oxidative metabolism
iron sources
clams, rice, spinach, black beans, liver, meat, egg yolk, legumes, dark leafy greens, shrimp, oysters
iron deficency anemia
blood loss, parasites, malabsorption
name all of the essential amino acids
valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, aromatic phenylalanine, tryptophan, basic lysine, histidine
What is transamination
Amino acids can be synthesized from carbon skeleton through
what is deamination
removing an amino group and resulting in a carbon skeleton
deamination’s influence on energy
protein starts with 5kcal/g and once deaminated with have 4kcal/g
what are the indivators of risk from waist circumfrance
M>40inch
F>35inch
Energy needs is calculated by which equation
Mifflin St Joer and Harris Benedict
how do you calculate protein needs for individual patients
Either 0.8g x kg body weight or 20% of their energy needs
Symptoms are considered (subjective/objective)
Subjective
Signs are considered (subjective/objective)
Objective
Food freuqency underreported rate
between 10-45%
IBW error ratio
+/-10%
BMI limitations
does not account for lean muscle mass, not used for athletes, children under 2, pregnant women
WC limitations
does not assess abdominal fat content, macro-micro deficiency, bloating, dehydration, and frame
Skinfold test limitations
not adequate for macro-micro deficieny, human error occurs, not for pregant women
Bioelectrical IMpedance limitations
strict protocol before test is administered, including drinking less water, no eating, no exercise. Not yet tested as safe for pregnant women.
1 Starch Exchange
15g CHO, 1g Fat, 3g proteins, 80 calories
1 Fruit Exchange
15g carbs, 60 calories
1 Milk Exchange
15g carbs, 70 calories, 8g proteins, possibly 5g fat+45 calories
Nonstarchy vegetable exchange
5g carbs, 2g protein, 0g fat, 25 calories
1 Lean Protein Exchange
0g carbs, 7g protein, 2g fat, 25 calories
1 Medium Fat Protein
0 CHO, 7g protein, 5g fat, 75 calories
1 High Fat Protein
0g CHO, 7g protein, 8g fat, 100 calories
1 Fat Exchange
5g fat, 45 calories
