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Psychology > Test 1: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Test 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

Scientific research to understand behaviour and mental processes.

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2
Q

What are the 4 goals of psychology?

A
  1. Describe (what behaviour to describe)
  2. Explain (why the behaviour is happening)
  3. Predict (likelihood behaviour will occur given variables)
  4. Influence (control behaviour)
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3
Q

What is scientific theory?

A
  • Proposes reasons for relationships among events and allows us to derive explanations and predictions.
  • If our descriptions are not well explained/predicted by our theory we need to modify it.
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4
Q

What is basic research?

A

It’s acquiring knowledge to understand behaviour (describes, explains, predicts)

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5
Q

What is applied research?

A

It’s to change behaviour (influence)

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6
Q

What are the research methods?

A
  • Watch - observation
  • Ask - survey
  • Make a move - experiment
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7
Q

What are the descriptive research methods?

A
  • Observation
    • Naturalistic
    • Participant
    • Laboratory
  • Case study
  • Psychological tests
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8
Q

What is observation?

A

To observe and record behaviour without interference.

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9
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

In natural setting.

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10
Q

What are the strengths of naturalistic observation?

A
  • True behaviour

- Natural setting

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11
Q

What are the weaknesses of naturalistic observation?

A
  • Long
  • Observer bias
  • Privacy
  • Consent
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12
Q

What is participant observation?

A

Join a group/culture in their natural setting (undercover psychologist).

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13
Q

What are the strengths of participant observation?

A
  • True behaviour
  • Natural setting
  • Can observe for longer period of time (more date)
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14
Q

What are the weaknesses of participant observation?

A
  • Long
  • Observer bias
  • Privacy
  • Consent
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15
Q

What is laboratory observation?

A

In a lab.

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16
Q

What are the strengths of laboratory observation?

A
  • More control
  • Better measurement
  • More time efficient
  • Consent
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17
Q

What are the weaknesses of laboratory observation?

A
  • Artificial setting

- Participant bias

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18
Q

What is a survey?

A

Interviews/questionnaires to gather info about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviours.

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19
Q

What are the strengths of a survey?

A
  • Time and cost efficient (for questionnaires)

- Large sample

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20
Q

What are the weaknesses of a survey?

A
  • Inaccurate data? (Truth? Memory?)
  • Wording effects?
  • Random sampling?
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21
Q

What is a case study?

A

A single person or a small group are studied in great depth, over an extended period of time.

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22
Q

What are the strengths of a case study?

A
  • In depth analysis

- Uncommon disorders or experiences

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23
Q

What are the weaknesses of a case study?

A
  • Not generalizable
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24
Q

What are psychological tests?

A

Tests to measure different aspects of behaviour (physical, cognitive, social/personality).

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25
Q

What is the correlational method?

A

Relationships between 2 or more variables/behaviours.

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26
Q

What is negative correlation?

A

As 1 variable increases the other decreases (0 to -1)

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27
Q

What is positive correlation?

A

2 variables move together (both up/down).

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28
Q

What is the experimental method?

A

Searching for causes.

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29
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An educated prediction.

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30
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

Possible cause.

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31
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

Behaviour.

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32
Q

What is the confounding variable?

A

Other causes.

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33
Q

What is population?

A

The demographic of interest.

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34
Q

What is a sample?

A

The participants.

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35
Q

What is a representative sample?

A

Reflects the characteristics of your population.

36
Q

What is the experimental group?

A

A group or groups that receive treatment (IV).

37
Q

What is the control group?

A

The group that does not receive a treatment.

38
Q

What is participant bias?

A

Participant tries to change their own behaviour.

39
Q

What is experimenter bias?

A

Influence participants or interpret data to their own beliefs.

40
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Participants believe they receive treatment and report a change in behaviour.

41
Q

What is the double blind technique?

A

Neither participants nor experimenters know who is in the experimental or control groups.

42
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Assigning participants to groups such that there may be differences between groups from the start.

43
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Assign participants via chance procedure.

44
Q

What are the strengths of the experimental method?

A
  • Cause and effect
45
Q

What are the weaknesses of the experimental method?

A
  • Selection bias
  • Participant bias
  • Experimenter bias
  • Placebo effect
46
Q

What are the schools of psychology?

A
  • Structuralism
  • Functionalism
  • Gestalt
  • Behaviourism
  • Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
  • Cognitive
  • Biological
  • Social cultural
47
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A
  • He made psychology an academic discipline
  • First psych lab
  • Experimental methods applied to psych

Examples: attention span, vision, touch, hearing

48
Q

What is structuralism?

A
  • Focus on structure of the mental experience
  • Reduced to elements (sensations/feelings)
  • Introspection

Use INTROPECTION to ask how it feels when you hit someone or how does it feel when you get hit…

49
Q

Who is Edward Titchener?

A

He brought structuralism to the USA.

50
Q

What is functionalism?

A
  • Consciousness is more like a flowing stream than individual components
  • Focuses on how mental processes function (adaptive?) environment
  • Fluid not fixed
  • Observable

What is the PURPOSE of fighting and how is it adaptive? Purpose is WINNING for MMA; purpose is SURVIVAL on the street

51
Q

Who is William James?

A
  • Studied functionalism

- Went to Harvard

52
Q

What is Gestalt?

A
  • The whole is more than the sum of its parts (perception)

CAGE, POWERFUL, STRENGTH, THE BAD GUY, ANIMAL, RED/BLACK, SEEING THE PERSON AS A WHOLE AND NOT INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS; SEEING SYMBOLS OF MMA

53
Q

Who is Max Wertheimer?

A
  • Studied Gestalt

- Neon flashing lights

54
Q

What is behaviourism?

A
  • Measures observable behaviour

- Environment shapes behaviour

55
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association.

ASSOCIATE power with pain
ASSOCIATE adrenaline high with the sport

56
Q

Who is Ian Pavlov?

A
  • Physiologist studying digestion
  • Salivating dogs
  • Classical conditioning
57
Q

Who is John B. Watson?

A
  • Studies classical consulting

- Poor little Albert

58
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • Learning by consequence
  • Reinforcement vs punishment

REWARD: winning/belt/title, recognition, women
PUNISHMENT: Loss drives someone to improve/train more

59
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Giving something like extra homework, more chores

60
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Taking something away like phone, freedom (timeout)

61
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A
  • I am kinda guessing here

Giving something like candy

62
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

*I kinda guessing again

Taking something away like homework or chores

63
Q

Who is B.F. Skinner?

A

Studied operant conditioning.
Skinners box
Skinners air crib

64
Q

What is the social cognitive theory?

A
  • Learning by observing
  • Modelling/imitating
  • Social and cognitive factors play a role

Jay and Nate MODEL AFTER THEIR LEGENDARY FATHER, ROLE MODELS, COACH

65
Q

Who is Albert Bandura?

A

Studied the social cognitive theory.

Banduras Bobo doll

66
Q

What are the types of behaviourism?

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Social cognitive theory
67
Q

What is psychodynamic/psychoanalytic?

A
  • Unconscious motivation and conflict

- Childhood experiences

68
Q

What is the psychosexual theory?

A

5 stages:

  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latent
  • Genital

ORAL STAGE FIXATION (mouthpiece; trash talking; baring teeth)
ANAL (overly disciplined, rigid, controlling)
PHALIC STAGE FIXATION (urge to kill father (opponent); wrestling is sexual; groin protection)
LATENT (spent a lot of time perfecting MMA skills)
GENITAL (increases sex appeal)

69
Q

What is the personality theory?

A
  • ID (selfish)
  • Ego (balance)
  • Superego (selfless)

ID IS OVERPOWERING: DRIVE TO SURVIVE, AGGRESSION, SELFISHNESS
Ego balances ID (aggression/drive to win) and Superego (clean fight, follow rules, sportsmanship)

70
Q

Who is Sigmund Freud?

A
  • Emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives

- Psychosexual and personality theories

71
Q

What is the psychosocial theory?

A

Emphasis on social relationships

8 stages:

  • Trust/mistrust (first year of life)
  • Autonomy/doubt (2-3 years old, tying shoes, tasks involving taking care of self)
  • Initiative/guilt ( tasks not involving self, care of others)
  • Industry/inferiority (school)
  • Identity/identity confusion
  • Intimacy/isolation (building family/career)
  • Generativety/ stagnation
  • Integrity/ despair

TRUST/MISTRUST (don’t trust the world is safe—need to protect themselves)
AUTONOMY/DOUBT (need coach; feel they can take care of themselves)
INITIATIVE/GUILT (I can do it! I can improve my skill and take over the title)
INDUSTRY/INFERIORITY (good athlete)
IDENTITY/IDENTITY CONFUSION (fighter)
INTIMACY/ISOLATION (find a romantic partner)

72
Q

Who is Erik Erickson?

A

The psychosocial theory

73
Q

What are the types of psychodynamic?

A
  • Psychosexual theory
  • Personality theory
  • Psychosocial theory
74
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A
  • Hierarchy of needs
  • Free will
  • Innately good

FREE WILL TO FIGHT, BETTER SELF CONTROL, REDUCED AGGRESSION, INCREASED EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, SECURITY, FINANCIAL SUPPORT

75
Q

What’s the steps in the hierarchy of needs?

A

Self actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

Esteem: self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and by others

Love/belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy

Safety: security of body, employment, recourses, morality, the family, health, property

Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, exercise

76
Q

Who is Abraham Maslow?

A

Humanistic

77
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A
  • Natural scientists (free will)
  • Mental processes: perception, reasoning, decision making, problem solving, language and memory
  • 4 developmental stages: sensorimotor, preparational, concrete operational, formal operational

IMPROVES DISCIPLINE, SELFCONTROL, MEDITATION, SUSTAINED ATTENTION, IMPULSE CONTROL, REACTION TIME, POWER, CHALLENGE OF MAKING WEIGHT, MIND GAMES PRE-MATCH WEIGH-IN

78
Q

Who is Jean Piaget?

A

Cognitive

79
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Brain activity and underlying mental activity.

80
Q

What is biological - behaviour genetics - psychology?

A
  • Hereditary
  • Biological process and structure
  • Natural unfolding of biological plan

ITS IN OUR GENES, WIDE FACES, TESTOSTERONE, LEFTHANDED (SOUTH PAWS), HAIR AND FACIAL HAIR; COMPETITIVE

81
Q

Who is Arnold Gesell?

A

Biological

82
Q

What is evolutionary and ethnological psychology?

A
  • Biological sub theory
  • Inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans
  • Focus on survival and reproduction
  • Critical periods
83
Q

Who is Konrad Lorenz?

A

evolutionary and ethnological

Influenced by Darwin

84
Q

What is social cultural psychology?

A
  • Significant people in our society teach culture
  • Various contexts

THEY HAVE BEEN TAUGHT (“MY FATHER FOUGHT, HIS FATHER FOUGHT…), ROUGH NEIGHBOURHOOD, BULLIED

85
Q

Who is Lev Vygotsky?

A

Social-cultural

86
Q

What are the human participant ethical principles?

A
  • Research project approved by an ethics committee
  • Voluntary (informed consent)
  • Protect from harm or discomfort
  • Confidential
  • Free to withdraw
  • Must always be debriefed

Psychology (5 decks)

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