Test 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is psychology?
Scientific research to understand behaviour and mental processes.
What are the 4 goals of psychology?
- Describe (what behaviour to describe)
- Explain (why the behaviour is happening)
- Predict (likelihood behaviour will occur given variables)
- Influence (control behaviour)
What is scientific theory?
- Proposes reasons for relationships among events and allows us to derive explanations and predictions.
- If our descriptions are not well explained/predicted by our theory we need to modify it.
What is basic research?
It’s acquiring knowledge to understand behaviour (describes, explains, predicts)
What is applied research?
It’s to change behaviour (influence)
What are the research methods?
- Watch - observation
- Ask - survey
- Make a move - experiment
What are the descriptive research methods?
- Observation
- Naturalistic
- Participant
- Laboratory
- Case study
- Psychological tests
What is observation?
To observe and record behaviour without interference.
What is naturalistic observation?
In natural setting.
What are the strengths of naturalistic observation?
- True behaviour
- Natural setting
What are the weaknesses of naturalistic observation?
- Long
- Observer bias
- Privacy
- Consent
What is participant observation?
Join a group/culture in their natural setting (undercover psychologist).
What are the strengths of participant observation?
- True behaviour
- Natural setting
- Can observe for longer period of time (more date)
What are the weaknesses of participant observation?
- Long
- Observer bias
- Privacy
- Consent
What is laboratory observation?
In a lab.
What are the strengths of laboratory observation?
- More control
- Better measurement
- More time efficient
- Consent
What are the weaknesses of laboratory observation?
- Artificial setting
- Participant bias
What is a survey?
Interviews/questionnaires to gather info about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviours.
What are the strengths of a survey?
- Time and cost efficient (for questionnaires)
- Large sample
What are the weaknesses of a survey?
- Inaccurate data? (Truth? Memory?)
- Wording effects?
- Random sampling?
What is a case study?
A single person or a small group are studied in great depth, over an extended period of time.
What are the strengths of a case study?
- In depth analysis
- Uncommon disorders or experiences
What are the weaknesses of a case study?
- Not generalizable
What are psychological tests?
Tests to measure different aspects of behaviour (physical, cognitive, social/personality).
What is the correlational method?
Relationships between 2 or more variables/behaviours.
What is negative correlation?
As 1 variable increases the other decreases (0 to -1)
What is positive correlation?
2 variables move together (both up/down).
What is the experimental method?
Searching for causes.
What is a hypothesis?
An educated prediction.
What is the independent variable?
Possible cause.
What is the dependent variable?
Behaviour.
What is the confounding variable?
Other causes.
What is population?
The demographic of interest.
What is a sample?
The participants.
What is a representative sample?
Reflects the characteristics of your population.
What is the experimental group?
A group or groups that receive treatment (IV).
What is the control group?
The group that does not receive a treatment.
What is participant bias?
Participant tries to change their own behaviour.
What is experimenter bias?
Influence participants or interpret data to their own beliefs.
What is the placebo effect?
Participants believe they receive treatment and report a change in behaviour.
What is the double blind technique?
Neither participants nor experimenters know who is in the experimental or control groups.
What is selection bias?
Assigning participants to groups such that there may be differences between groups from the start.
What is random assignment?
Assign participants via chance procedure.
What are the strengths of the experimental method?
- Cause and effect
What are the weaknesses of the experimental method?
- Selection bias
- Participant bias
- Experimenter bias
- Placebo effect
What are the schools of psychology?
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Gestalt
- Behaviourism
- Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic
- Humanistic
- Cognitive
- Biological
- Social cultural
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
- He made psychology an academic discipline
- First psych lab
- Experimental methods applied to psych
Examples: attention span, vision, touch, hearing
What is structuralism?
- Focus on structure of the mental experience
- Reduced to elements (sensations/feelings)
- Introspection
Use INTROPECTION to ask how it feels when you hit someone or how does it feel when you get hit…
Who is Edward Titchener?
He brought structuralism to the USA.
What is functionalism?
- Consciousness is more like a flowing stream than individual components
- Focuses on how mental processes function (adaptive?) environment
- Fluid not fixed
- Observable
What is the PURPOSE of fighting and how is it adaptive? Purpose is WINNING for MMA; purpose is SURVIVAL on the street
Who is William James?
- Studied functionalism
- Went to Harvard
What is Gestalt?
- The whole is more than the sum of its parts (perception)
CAGE, POWERFUL, STRENGTH, THE BAD GUY, ANIMAL, RED/BLACK, SEEING THE PERSON AS A WHOLE AND NOT INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS; SEEING SYMBOLS OF MMA
Who is Max Wertheimer?
- Studied Gestalt
- Neon flashing lights
What is behaviourism?
- Measures observable behaviour
- Environment shapes behaviour
What is classical conditioning?
Learning by association.
ASSOCIATE power with pain
ASSOCIATE adrenaline high with the sport
Who is Ian Pavlov?
- Physiologist studying digestion
- Salivating dogs
- Classical conditioning
Who is John B. Watson?
- Studies classical consulting
- Poor little Albert
What is operant conditioning?
- Learning by consequence
- Reinforcement vs punishment
REWARD: winning/belt/title, recognition, women
PUNISHMENT: Loss drives someone to improve/train more
What is positive punishment?
Giving something like extra homework, more chores
What is negative punishment?
Taking something away like phone, freedom (timeout)
What is positive reinforcement?
- I am kinda guessing here
Giving something like candy
What is negative reinforcement?
*I kinda guessing again
Taking something away like homework or chores
Who is B.F. Skinner?
Studied operant conditioning.
Skinners box
Skinners air crib
What is the social cognitive theory?
- Learning by observing
- Modelling/imitating
- Social and cognitive factors play a role
Jay and Nate MODEL AFTER THEIR LEGENDARY FATHER, ROLE MODELS, COACH
Who is Albert Bandura?
Studied the social cognitive theory.
Banduras Bobo doll
What are the types of behaviourism?
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social cognitive theory
What is psychodynamic/psychoanalytic?
- Unconscious motivation and conflict
- Childhood experiences
What is the psychosexual theory?
5 stages:
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
ORAL STAGE FIXATION (mouthpiece; trash talking; baring teeth)
ANAL (overly disciplined, rigid, controlling)
PHALIC STAGE FIXATION (urge to kill father (opponent); wrestling is sexual; groin protection)
LATENT (spent a lot of time perfecting MMA skills)
GENITAL (increases sex appeal)
What is the personality theory?
- ID (selfish)
- Ego (balance)
- Superego (selfless)
ID IS OVERPOWERING: DRIVE TO SURVIVE, AGGRESSION, SELFISHNESS
Ego balances ID (aggression/drive to win) and Superego (clean fight, follow rules, sportsmanship)
Who is Sigmund Freud?
- Emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives
- Psychosexual and personality theories
What is the psychosocial theory?
Emphasis on social relationships
8 stages:
- Trust/mistrust (first year of life)
- Autonomy/doubt (2-3 years old, tying shoes, tasks involving taking care of self)
- Initiative/guilt ( tasks not involving self, care of others)
- Industry/inferiority (school)
- Identity/identity confusion
- Intimacy/isolation (building family/career)
- Generativety/ stagnation
- Integrity/ despair
TRUST/MISTRUST (don’t trust the world is safe—need to protect themselves)
AUTONOMY/DOUBT (need coach; feel they can take care of themselves)
INITIATIVE/GUILT (I can do it! I can improve my skill and take over the title)
INDUSTRY/INFERIORITY (good athlete)
IDENTITY/IDENTITY CONFUSION (fighter)
INTIMACY/ISOLATION (find a romantic partner)
Who is Erik Erickson?
The psychosocial theory
What are the types of psychodynamic?
- Psychosexual theory
- Personality theory
- Psychosocial theory
What is humanistic psychology?
- Hierarchy of needs
- Free will
- Innately good
FREE WILL TO FIGHT, BETTER SELF CONTROL, REDUCED AGGRESSION, INCREASED EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, SECURITY, FINANCIAL SUPPORT
What’s the steps in the hierarchy of needs?
Self actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
Esteem: self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and by others
Love/belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Safety: security of body, employment, recourses, morality, the family, health, property
Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, exercise
Who is Abraham Maslow?
Humanistic
What is cognitive psychology?
- Natural scientists (free will)
- Mental processes: perception, reasoning, decision making, problem solving, language and memory
- 4 developmental stages: sensorimotor, preparational, concrete operational, formal operational
IMPROVES DISCIPLINE, SELFCONTROL, MEDITATION, SUSTAINED ATTENTION, IMPULSE CONTROL, REACTION TIME, POWER, CHALLENGE OF MAKING WEIGHT, MIND GAMES PRE-MATCH WEIGH-IN
Who is Jean Piaget?
Cognitive
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Brain activity and underlying mental activity.
What is biological - behaviour genetics - psychology?
- Hereditary
- Biological process and structure
- Natural unfolding of biological plan
ITS IN OUR GENES, WIDE FACES, TESTOSTERONE, LEFTHANDED (SOUTH PAWS), HAIR AND FACIAL HAIR; COMPETITIVE
Who is Arnold Gesell?
Biological
What is evolutionary and ethnological psychology?
- Biological sub theory
- Inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans
- Focus on survival and reproduction
- Critical periods
Who is Konrad Lorenz?
evolutionary and ethnological
Influenced by Darwin
What is social cultural psychology?
- Significant people in our society teach culture
- Various contexts
THEY HAVE BEEN TAUGHT (“MY FATHER FOUGHT, HIS FATHER FOUGHT…), ROUGH NEIGHBOURHOOD, BULLIED
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
Social-cultural
What are the human participant ethical principles?
- Research project approved by an ethics committee
- Voluntary (informed consent)
- Protect from harm or discomfort
- Confidential
- Free to withdraw
- Must always be debriefed
