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Psychology > Exam: Chapters 10, 11, 13 > Flashcards

Exam: Chapters 10, 11, 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal?

A
  • Unusual or statistically infrequent
  • Socially unacceptable
  • Misperceptions or misinterpretations of reality
  • Personal distress
  • Maladaptive or self-defeating
  • Dangerous
    To be considered abnormal, has to be more than one but doesn’t have to be all of them.
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2
Q

What are the earlier treatments for psychological disorders?

A
  • Drive out the demons (religious exorcisms)
  • Ice baths
  • Caged, isolated or chained to furniture
  • Locked up with wild animals
  • Insulin coma
  • Malaria therapy (gives malaria to patients to fight disease, usually after a psychotic break?)
  • Asylums
  • Beatings
  • Genital mutilations
  • Teeth or intestines removal
  • Animal blood transfusions
  • Lobotomy (brain surgery: severing connection to pre-frontal cortex)
  • Electric shock
  • Bleeding, vomiting, purging, tranquilizer chair
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3
Q

What are the treatment reformers?

A
  • Philippe Pinel (Talk therapy)
  • Medical model in 1900s
  • Biopsychosocial approach
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4
Q

What did Philippe Pinel do?

A
  • 1745-1826 in France
  • Sickness of the mind caused by severe stress and inhumane conditions (trauma)
  • Curing requires moral treatment (unchain, talk)
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5
Q

What was the medical model in 1900s?

A
  • Syphilis distorts the mind
  • Replace madhouse with psychiatric hospitals
  • Diagnose (symptoms) and treat (therapy)
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6
Q

What was the biopsychosocial approach?

A
  • Sources of stress, coping, cultural influence
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7
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • Describes about 300 mental disorders and the symptoms that must be present for diagnosing each disorder
  • Changes over time cause we gain more knowledge
  • Labels—stigma (like homosexuality isn’t a disease, doesn’t cause depression - society does)
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8
Q

What is epigenetics?

A
  • “in addition to genetics”
  • DNA and environment interact
  • Gene is either expressed or lies dormant
  • Diet, drugs, stress
  • Cognitive (assumptions, expectations influence perception)
  • You might have genetic blueprints that put you at risk - so you’re healthy and then something happens.
  • Someone tried pot for the first time then had a psychotic break because he had certain genes that “turned on” the shizophrenia
  • If parents grew up with a lot of trauma then it’s possible that kids will have or be more sensitive to developing PTSD or or anxiety related disorders
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9
Q

What is the social cognitive theory (related to celebrities)??

A

A lot of celebrities step up and tell people about their mental illnesses which is good because people listen to them. They show that 1/5 of the population is quite a lot and it’s more common.

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10
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A
  • It is when someone experiences hallucinations and delusions
  • Not born with it
  • Very rare for younger people
  • More typical in early adults
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11
Q

What are the symptoms on the schizophrenia spectrum?

A
  • Disorganized symptoms
  • Positive symptoms
  • Negative symptoms
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12
Q

What are disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Confused/disordered thinking and speech
  • Trouble with logical thinking
  • Bizarre behaviour and abnormal movements
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13
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

They are things that are abnormally present, as in experiencing something they shouldn’t be.

  • Delusions (grandiose, persecutory - paranoid)
  • Hallucinations
  • Grossly disorganized behaviour (silly, sexual. swear, shout)
  • Catatonic behaviour (statue, they don’t move)
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14
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

They are things that are abnormally absent, as in a lack of something that they should be experiencing.

  • Diminished emotional expression
  • Lack of motivation
  • Social withdrawal
  • Limited speech, slow movements
  • Poor problem-solving
  • Distorted sense of time
  • Poor hygiene
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15
Q

What is a dissociative identity disorder?

A
  • Multiple personality disorder
  • Two or more distinct, unique personalities existing in the same individual
  • Severe memory disruption concerning personal information about the other personalities
    It is not hereditary or genetics it is a defense mechanism.
    The personality switch can be triggered by emotions or activities and personalities can be different genders, animals, more.
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16
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A
  • Person exhibits two radically different moods (depression and manic episodes)
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17
Q

What is a manic episode?

A
  • Period of extreme elation, euphoria and hyperactivity
  • Often accompanied by delusions of grandeur and hostility if activity is blocked
    (running with dog for so long they don’t realize the dog has died, getting irritated with people who try to derail them, can feel like they don’t need sleep and get sleep deprived, go on shopping sprees and become in financial debt)
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18
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

A person feels overwhelming sadness, despair, and hopelessness, and they usually lose their ability to experience pleasure. Risk for suicide.

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19
Q

What are the risk factors for depression?

A

More women (report having it and ask for help which could be why)

  • Less pay
  • Multiple roles (work, mom, cooking, etc)
  • Caring for children/elderly
  • Ruminate (think about everything bothering them over and over which doesn’t help)
  • React more strongly to stress

Explanatory style

  • Who/what you blame for your failures and successes
  • Self vs others focused (blaming yourself or thinking others are responsible for your accomplishments is not good)

Depression’s vicious cycle
- Doing things that help you get better can also make you feel more anxious

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20
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Exessive anxiety or worry that they find difficult to control

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21
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Experiences recurrent unpredictable attacks of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror

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22
Q

What is phobia?

A

Persistent, irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity
- Prevents you from going on with everyday life, leaving your house

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23
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A

Fear of social interactions

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24
Q

What is OCD?

A
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Suffer from recurrent obsession or compulsions, or both
  • Obsession: persistent, recurring, involuntary thought, image, or impulse
  • Compulsion: Persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly
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25
Q

What are examples of OCD obsessions?

A
  • Contamination
  • Did I remember to…
  • Accidental harm
  • Purposeful harm
  • Sexual
  • Religious
  • Hoarding
  • Order/arrange
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26
Q

What are examples of OCD compulsions?

A
  • Wash/clean
  • Checking
  • Repeating
  • Counting
  • Order/arranging
  • Mental rituals
  • Hoarding
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27
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in physical appearance.

28
Q

What is hoarding disorder?

A

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions regardless of actual value.

29
Q

What is trichotollomania?

A

Recurrent pulling out of one’s hair.

30
Q

What is excoriation disorder?

A

Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions (causing bleeding)

31
Q

What is PTSD?

A
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
  • Maladaptive stress reactions that follow exposure to traumatic events like:
    • Re-live via memories, dreams
    • Avoid cues
    • Numb or heightened emotions
32
Q

What are PTSD triggers?

A

Job
- Police, fire, paramedics, air-traffic
Personal trauma
- Experience or witness attack or injury
Public trauma
- School shootings (polychnique, Concordia, dawson)
- Global events (twin towers, natural disasters)

33
Q

What causes psychological disorders?

A

It depends on which psychological perspective you are using.

  • Biological
  • Psychodynamic
  • Learning
  • Cognitive
34
Q

What is conformity?

A

A change in behaviour/attitude to be consistent with the norms of a group or the expectations of others.

35
Q

What are the main reasons why pople conform?

A
  • Informational social influence

- Normative social influence

36
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

We conform because we see others as a source of information: helps to guide our behaviour, especially when there’s a higher need for accuracy.

  • Ambiguous situations, uncertainty leads you to rely on others more
  • Crisis situations, inherently uncertain, more likely to conform
37
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

Conforming to be liked or accepted by others.

38
Q

Ash Line Judgement Studies

A
  • Participants were afraid to look foolish in front of complete strangers. Don’t want to risk disapproval.
  • 75% conformed on 1 trial, 5% conformed on all trials (even though they knew their answer was wrong)
  • Conformity dropped dramatically when participants were allowed to write their answers on paper instead of saying them out loud
39
Q

What affects conformity?

A
  • Size of group (2 drops, 3+ high)

- Unanimity (highest when entire group agrees, drop when other non-conformist)

40
Q

What are the everyday behaviours that give the pressure to conform?

A
  • Compliance: A change in behaviour response to a direct request
  • Obedience: A response to a direct order from an authority figure
41
Q

How do you get people to comply with you?

A
  • Door-in-the-face technique
  • Foot-in-the-door technique
  • Lowball
42
Q

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A

Outrageous request followed by a more reasonable one.

- Reciprocity norm

43
Q

What is the reciprocity norm?

A

Social norm where the receipt of something positive induces the tendency to reciprocate, or behave similarly, in response.

44
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A

Starting with a small request then asking for larger ones over time. Agreeing to a small request triggers a change in self-perception: see oneself as kind and helping. More likely to comply again.

45
Q

What is lowballing?

A

The initial request, after agreed to, is modified to be less appealing. People still do it because they had agreed.

46
Q

What is obedience?

A
  • Conformity in response to the commands of an authority figure
  • Under strong social pressure, individuals will conform to the authority, even when this means doing something immoral
  • “Decent” people committing indecent acts
47
Q

What were the Milgram experiments?

A
  • Real volunteer was always the teacher and fake was always student
  • Taught word pairs, then for test every wrong answer teacher would give electrical shock
  • Allowed to leave whenever
  • Researcher told them to keep going, student would make sounds of distress
  • Hypothesis that only 1-3% of participants would reach the max voltage
  • Result was that 62.5% reached the max
  • Highest percentage in standard version, conformity dropped when new experimenter gave the order to continue, even more when two “teachers” refused to continue before real, and more when participants chose their own levels of shocks
48
Q

What was the experimenter feedback to continue?

A
  • Please continue
  • The experiment required you to continue
  • It is absolutely essential that you continue
  • You have no other choice, you must go on
49
Q

What was the normative social influence in the Milgram experiment?

A

Participants were afraid that the experimenter would be disappointed, hurt, or even angry if they quit.

50
Q

What was the informational social influence in the Milgram experiment?

A
  • Situation is ambiguous, unfamiliar and upsetting
  • Participants looked to experimenter for guidance
  • Because he wasn’t surprised/bothered, this informed people about what was normal
51
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

When the presence of others changes our performance.

  • Audience effects: the impact of spectators
  • Co-action effects: the impact of others involved in same task
52
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Exert less effort when working with others (especially big groups) on a common task.

53
Q

What is group polarization?

A

Initial attitude plays a role on group decision.

  • Bit risky leads to greater risks
  • Bit cautious leads to more cautious
54
Q

What is deindividualization?

A
  • Group participation makes people feel aroused and anonymous
  • Losing self-awareness and self-restraint
  • Hiding identity creates anonymity
    People are more likely to do bad things when they are anonymous
55
Q

What is groupthink?

A

Very cohesive group doesn’t consider outside information or opinion.

56
Q

What are social roles?

A

Appropriate behaviour for an individual’s position within a group.

57
Q

What was Zimbardo’s Prison Study?

A
  • 24 completely healthy men
  • Split into guards and prisoners
  • Prisoners actually arrested
  • Guards given uniforms, glasses, batons
  • Experimenter didn’t interfere or give instructions, left the participants to do what they wanted
  • Were able to leave whenever
  • Guards made prisoners strip, put nylons on head, chain on ankle, dress with no underwear
  • They really got inside their roles
  • No one left until a prisoner had a breakdown
  • Lasted 6 days, one breakdown per day
  • Zimbardo’s girlfriend came and saw and told Zimbardo how bad it was and that’s when he realized and stopped it
58
Q

What are sourced of stress?

A
  • The common: school work, part-time job, traveling

- The extreme

59
Q

What is the approach-approach conflict?

A

Conflict from choosing between desirable alternatives.

60
Q

What is the avoidance-avoidance conflict?

A

Choosing between equally undesirable alternatives.

61
Q

What is the approach-avoidance conflict?

A

Choice has desirable and undesirable features

62
Q

What are factors that affect stress?

A
  • Unpredictability and lack of control
  • Social support
  • Finding meaning
63
Q

What are coping efforts to deal with taxing or overwhelming demands?

A
  • Problem-focused coping: reducing, modifying, eliminating source(s) of stress
  • Emotion-focused coping: changing emotional responses
64
Q

How do we manage stress?

A
  • Stress is our friend
  • Laughter/act happy
  • Exercise
  • Gratitude
  • Nature pill
  • Challenge your negative thinking
  • Relaxation/meditation
  • Faith
  • Random acts of kindness
65
Q

What is oxytocin?

A
  • Cuddle hormone

- Released with social interactions

Psychology (5 decks)

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