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biology - bio 115 > test 1 (chap 1-5) > Flashcards

test 1 (chap 1-5) Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is the study of living things

A

biology

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2
Q

which statement about biological literacy is true

A

biological literacy is the ability to integrates ideas about biology into making wise decisions for ones self

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3
Q

thinking scientifically relies on…

A

objective observation and experimentation

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4
Q

in the laboratory, you see a fuzzy growth on some of the gels in your incubator. what is the name given to this step of the scientific method.

A

observation

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5
Q

if your hypothesis is “hair that is shaved grows back coarser and darker” what is the null hypothesis

A

there is no difference in the coarseness or color of the hair that is shaved relative to the hair that is not shaved

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6
Q

which statement is the most reasonable testable prediction for the hypothesis “all birds can fly”

A

examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any species can’t fly

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7
Q

the purpose of the experimentation phase of the scientific method is to

A

gather evidence to either support or reject a hypothesis

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8
Q

if you conduct an experiment that rejects your hypothesis then…

A

the null hypothesis was a better fit to your data

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9
Q

a relationship that has been established based on a large amount of observational and experimental data is …

A

theory

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10
Q

which of the following qualifies as a randomized, double blind, controlled experimental study

A

A total of 50 men and women of various ages are each given a candy bar with real sugar, 50 men and women of various ages are each given a candy bar with artificial sweetener, and 50 men and women of various ages are not given a candy bar. The people are then observed for signs of sleepiness. No one (the scientist, the observer, and the subjects) knows what type of candy bar was eaten, if any.

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11
Q

what type of evidence most increases our confidence in experimental results

A

three different scientists do three different studies, all with the same result

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12
Q

During an experiment to determine if people with more symmetrical body features have a lower incidence of disease, a researcher first measures the length of several bones in the subject’s hands and arms. The device used to measure length does not display a readout of the measurement taken. Instead, a wire connects the measuring device to a computer that records the data. The computer monitor is kept out of sight of the subject and the researcher. Why is such an elaborate device used?

A

so that the measurements are not biased by the researcher

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13
Q

which of the following is a way that visual displays of data can potentially mislead readers

A

use of ambiguity in labeling

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14
Q

which of the studies has the least to do with legitimate scientific investigation

A

a study to determine whether evolutionary biology should be taught in elementary parochial school

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15
Q

the number of protons in an element, also called ______, identifies the element

A

atomic number

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16
Q

how an atom bonds with other atoms is chiefly determined by its

A

electrons

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17
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

an attraction between a slightly positive atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule

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18
Q

O2 atoms have 2 pairs of electrons shared between them, this is

A

a strong double bond

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19
Q

the tendency of molecules to stick together (cohesion) is stronger in water than other liquids because the polarity of the water allows an

A

hydrogen atom from one water molecule to form a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom from another water molecule

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20
Q

hydrogen bonding among water molecules gives it what qualities

A
  • strong cohesion among other water molecules
  • lower density in a solid form
  • serve as a solvent
  • high heat capacity
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21
Q

a carbonated drink that has the pH 3 is _____ times more acidic than water

A

10,000

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22
Q

what is considered not to be a macromolecule

A

vitamins

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23
Q

all are ways that carbohydrates and lipids differ except

A

lipids contain significantly fewer carbon hydrogen bonds than in carbohydrates

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24
Q

in terms of structural materials: _____ is to plants as _____ is to lobsters and crabs

A

cellulose and chitin

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25
Q

why would you expect the energy present in the bonds of glucose to be more readily available than the energy from the sugar lactose

A

glucose is a simple sugar, no additional processing is necessary to access the energy in the carbon hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

dietary fiber is composed of

A

carbohydrates

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27
Q

which of the following is a lipid

A

steroids

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28
Q

what is the result fo decreasing the number of double bonds in oil

A

the oil is now more likely to be solid at room temperature

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29
Q

which lipid is an important component of most cell membranes

A

cholesterol

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30
Q

what is true about amino acids

A

they are monomers

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31
Q

dietary proteins …

A

are considered “complete” only if they contain the 8 essential amino acids required by humans

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32
Q

the secondary structure of a protein refers to the…

A

twisting of the amino acid chain into a corkscrew like shape or zigzag pattern

33
Q

an enzyme that can bind to and break apart molecules of lactose will

A

only be able to bind lactose

34
Q

what can happen if an enzyme is altered even slightly

A

its active site may change, causing the enzyme to stop functioning

35
Q

a partial sequence fo a molecule is “AACTGCT” the molecule is an

A

nucleic acid

36
Q

what are the 4 equal amounts in DNA

A

DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine and equal amounts of guanine and cytosine

37
Q

one of the 4 nucleotide bases in DNA is replaced by a different base in RNA. which one is it and what replaces it

A

thymine, replaced by uracil

38
Q

which statement is a part fo the modern cell theory

A

cellular reaction include both energy releasing and biosynthetic types

39
Q

which statement about prokaryotic cells is true

A

they have a circular loop of DNA instead fo multiple linear DNA molecules

40
Q

mitochondria are thought to have evolved. what evidence helps this hypothesis

A

mitochondria DNA is packaged as a single circular chromosome, similar to that of a bacterium

41
Q

which statement about phospholipids is true

A

a phospholipid consists of a glycerol molecule attached to 2 fatty acid chains

42
Q

what structure is present in the cell membrane

A

transport proteins that channels through the phospholipid bilayer

43
Q

what component is most important in determining the fluidity of the cell membrane

A

cholesterol

44
Q

the “finger print” found on the outside of cells is the best explanation for …

A

why it is difficult to transport a liver from one person to another

45
Q

diffusion across the cells outer membrane …

A

occurs without the input of energy

46
Q

osmosis is _____ specialized than diffusion because it involves _______

A

more and water

47
Q

a cells interior is considered isotonic to the surrounding fluid when

A

the solute concentration are the same within and outside the cell

48
Q

active transport which is the moving of molecules from areas of low concentration to those of high concentration across the membrane, is usually coupled with processes that…

A

cost energy

49
Q

the process which is coordinated by proteins that recognize their specific target molecules is ….

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

50
Q

the nucleus…

A

directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information

51
Q

cells that are metabolically active and use a lot of energy …

A

are densely packed with numerous mitochondria

52
Q

what might you expect to find in a eukaryotic cell, such as a liver cell…

A

a large amount of lysosomes

53
Q

what organelle synthesizes enzymes needed to detoxify drugs and poison

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

the rough endoplasmic reticulum …

A

modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism

55
Q

whats the function of a cell with a large golgi apparatus

A

secretion of digestive enzymes

56
Q

cell walls…

A

are not completely solid, having many small pores

57
Q

what are some services vacuoles supply

A
  • storing nutrients
  • physical support
  • deterring predators
  • managing waste
  • producing flashy pigments
58
Q

which organelles are enclosed by a double membrane

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

59
Q

nearly all life depends on energy captured from …

A

sunlight

60
Q

difference between light energy and chemical energy

A

light energy is a type of kinetic energy, and chemical energy is a type of potential energy

61
Q

the second law of thermodynamics states

A

every conversion of energy is inefficient; some of the usable energy is converted to heat energy

62
Q

what does the coiled spring represent in an actual molecule of ATP

A

the covalent bond between the last phosphate and the middle one

63
Q

what are the outputs or 2 things produced by photosynthesis in plants

A

sugar and oxygen

64
Q

what occurs in the stroma

A

sugars are produced

65
Q

light absorbing pigments that are not at the reaction center of a photosystem …

A

increase the amount of the visible light spectrum that can be harnessed for photosynthesis

66
Q

light has the properties of both a wave and a particle, why is this necessary for photosynthesis

A

the wavelength fo the light determines whether the chlorophyll molecule will absorb it, whereas the particles (photons) are responsible for exciting the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule

67
Q

oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as

A

oxygen atoms contained in water molecules

68
Q

in chloroplasts, the process that occurs at the electron transport chain leads to the …

A

establishment of a proton gradient

69
Q

to synthesize glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle uses ___ molecules of CO, ____ molecules of ATP, and ___molecules of NADPH

A

6, 18, 12

70
Q

C4 photosynthesis …

A

separates carbon dioxide capture and the calvin cycle physically

71
Q

CAM photosynthesis …

A

separates carbon dioxide capture and the calvin cycle in time

72
Q

what converts sugar into ATP which is fuel

A

cellular respiration

73
Q

what is an outcome of glycolysis

A

the breakdown of a glucose molecule into 2 smaller pyruvate molecules

74
Q

whats the least likely effect of a drug that binds to and inactivates oxaloacetate

A

it would prevent the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

75
Q

mitochondria have a “bag within a bag” structure because

A

its necessary to create 2 distinct regions with a concentration differential, a form of potential energy

76
Q

whats the fist step in the breakdown process after you eat a candy bar

A

the sugars are broken down to simple glucose molecules, and the proteins and lipids are broken down to acetyl-CoA molecules. no energy is produced

77
Q

what accepts the electrons from NADH during fermentation so that it may be recycled into the empty electron carrier, NAD+

A

pyruvate

78
Q

fermentation reactions generally occur under condition of …

A

low oxygen concentration

79
Q

what would you target to prevent ATP synthesis

A

the thylakoid membrane

biology - bio 115 (12 decks)

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