Final exam (chap 21-27)

Question 1

“Form follows function” refers to the fact that:

Answer 1

organisms’ physical structures often are adaptations, shaped by natural selection, and so reflect their physiological functions.

Question 2

Connecting the end of each muscle to a different bone is a heavy band of fibrous connective tissue called:

Answer 2

tendon

Question 3

Which of the following about epithelial cells is true?

Answer 3

They can form glands, which secrete products like hormones.

Question 4

Skeletal muscle in the human body is often called striated muscle. If you had to predict why this is, which of the following would you predict?

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle has a striped appearance.

Question 5

Smooth muscle is known for:

Answer 5

contractions that push food through the intestinal tract.

Question 6

Which of the following is true about cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 6

They are controlled involuntarily.

Question 7

The main components of an animal’s nervous system are the interconnected __________ and thier associated __________ cells.

Answer 7

neurons; neuroglia

Question 8

Almost all animals have some tissues that are organized into organs. The exceptions are:

Answer 8

sponges and some cnidarians.

Question 9

The term “homeostasis” describes:

Answer 9

the body’s use of physical and chemical processes to maintain a consistent internal environment.

Question 10

The internal environment of multicellular animals is influenced mostly by their external environment and:

Answer 10

the activities of other cells in the body.

Question 11

Several blood vessels of the human body contain receptors that sense when the blood pressure is too high. When these receptors are stretched (high blood pressure), they cause the slowing of the heartbeat and the widening of vessels to bring the pressure down to normal levels. This scenario is an example of a homeostatic mechanism that operates by:

Answer 11

negative feedback.

Question 12

Which of the following is a method animals have for facilitating heat loss to the environment?

Answer 12

increasing bloodflow to the skin

Question 13

Which of the following is true about osmoregulation?

Answer 13

Malpighian tubules are an example of a structure that evolved to enable animals to regulate water balance.

Question 14

Most of a kidney’s mass is made up of small units called:

Answer 14

nephrons

Question 15

How are kidneys different from Malpighian tubules?

Answer 15

Kidneys filter waste out of the blood while Malpighian tubules concentrate wastes from the body cavity.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the vertebrate circulatory system?

Answer 16

The circulatory system is involved in the delivery of hormones to target tissues

Question 17

Species with open circulatory systems, such as the arthropods, have shown remarkable success. Despite this, open circulatory systems have limitations. Which of the following is a limitation of the open circulatory system?

Answer 17

Because the hemolymph empties into a single body cavity, it cannot be selectively transported to cells with higher metabolic activity.

Question 18

Both birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts. But birds are more closely related to crocodiles, which have three-chambered hearts, than they are to mammals. The correct interpretation of these observations is that:

Answer 18

birds and mammals evolved four-chambered hearts independently.

Question 19

What is the driving force that pushes blood through the veins on the way back to the heart?

Answer 19

contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 20

Why does the electrical impulse that stimulates heart contraction first travel down to the bottom of the heart, and then stimulate contraction from the bottom of the ventricles upward?

Answer 20

Blood needs to be squeezed out of the ventricles upward into the pulmonary and aortic arteries.

Question 21

In the circulatory system of vertebrates, which of the following is the site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid?

Answer 21

capillaries

Question 22

The four components of the human blood are:

Answer 22

plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.

Question 23

Blood pressure peaks when the heart contracts, pumping blood into the arteries and causing them to stretch; this is called the pressure. Blood pressure is at its lowest when the heart relaxes, called the ___________ pressure. A “normal” blood pressure for a young adult is said to be __________, and these numbers represent these two different pressures.

Answer 23

systolic; diastolic; 120/80

Question 24

A heart attack is caused when bloodflow into the ______________ is blocked, causing the connected muscle to fail, resulting in an alteration of the electrical impulse of the heartbeat.

Answer 24

coronary artery

Question 25

In what way are lymph ducts like veins in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 25

They both have one-way valves.

Question 26

Simple animals with flat body shapes, such as flatworms, can survive without a special circulatory system. Which of the following statements explains this phenomenon?

Answer 26

Flatworms have all their cells located near central body branches or their body surface so that diffusion alone can transport important nutrients.

Question 27

Why is there less air pressure at higher elevations?

Answer 27

There is less atmosphere “pushing down” from above as one gets higher in elevation.

Question 28

In countercurrent flow:

Answer 28

blood flows in the opposite direction as the water, allowing a fish to extract close to 100% of the oxygen out of the water.

Question 29

Amphibians must constantly keep their skin moist because:

Answer 29

the moisture is essential to maintain gas exchange across the skin.

Question 30

Bar-headed geese have been seen flying over the Himalayas, areas in which many people require supplemental oxygen to survive. What best explains this observation?

Answer 30

Unidirectional airflow and air sacs allow birds to extract oxygen from the air more efficiently than humans.

Question 31

Intercostal muscles:

Answer 31

rapidly increase the volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.

Question 32

Compared to humans, llamas thrive at high altitudes because:

Answer 32

llama hemoglobin is able to pick up oxygen at very low pressure.

Question 33

Increased diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG) in red blood cells:

Answer 33

reduces hemoglobin’s “stickiness” and causes it to release more oxygen to tissues.

Question 34

The nutrients needed in the human diet are lipids, vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and:

Answer 34

minerals and water.

Question 35

Carnivores are:

Answer 35

organisms that consume animals.

Question 36

If a shrew weighing 6.5 grams has a basal metabolic rate of 35 calories per hour per gram, how many kilocalories must it consume in one day to fuel its resting metabolism?

Answer 36

5.46 kilocalories

Question 37

Which of the following best explains why water must be included in the diet?

Answer 37

Water is lost in defecation, respiration, and urination.

Question 38

For vegetarians, what does “balancing complementary proteins” mean?

Answer 38

Plant proteins, which individually lack some of the essential amino acids, must be ingested in combination in order to get all the essential amino acids in one meal.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about dietary fat and carbohydrates is true?

Answer 39

Fats deliver about twice the caloric value of either carbohydrates or protein.

Question 40

The thirteen vitamins essential to humans fall into two groups based on:

Answer 40

whether they are soluble in fat or water.

Question 41

If ingested food is absorbed in the small intestine, why does the digestive system have an exit?

Answer 41

Not all the food that one ingests is completely digested and absorbed; waste materials have to be eliminated.

Question 42

Which of the following is true about starch?

Answer 42

It is broken down by alpha-amylase.

Question 43

The stomach:

Answer 43

dismantles large pieces of food both physically and chemically.

Question 44

Which statement about the small intestine is true?

Answer 44

Its interior lining has thousands of small, fingerlike projections.

Question 45

In the colon:

Answer 45

feces are formed.

Question 46

The appendix in humans is homologous to the ______ in rats.

Answer 46

cecum

Question 47

____________ is the key to achieving a healthy diet.

Answer 47

Balance

Question 48

Which of the following about human body weight is true?

Answer 48

Uncertainty in the timing of the next meal probably selected for genes that conferred powerful appetites.

Question 49

In general, an animal will lose weight if it:

Answer 49

expends more calories than it consumes.

Question 50

What is the biological function of pain?

Answer 50

to provide strong feedback in order to avoid or prevent further physical damage

Question 51

Each neuron has two different extensions from its main central body; these are called the:

Answer 51

dendrites and axons.

Question 52

Interneurons

Answer 52

are located only in the brain and spinal cord.

Question 53

The central nervous system is:

Answer 53

made up of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 54

An action potential is initiated by:

Answer 54

movement of sodium ions into the neuron.

Question 55

The insecticide DDT causes the sodium channels in insect neurons to open. What effect will this have on an insect?

Answer 55

Its neurons will fire uncontrollably.

Question 56

The disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by:

Answer 56

progressive damage to the myelin-insulating neurons, reducing their ability to conduct electrical signals.

Question 57

The synapse consists of:

Answer 57

a presynaptic cell, a postsynaptic cell, and the synaptic cleft.

Question 58

Curare is a lethal poison that has been used at the tips of darts used for hunting. Curare causes paralysis by blocking receptor sites in synapses with muscles. Curare probably blocks the effects of which neurotransmitter?

Answer 58

acetylcholine

Question 59

How are neurons able to distinguish different forms of stimuli, such as the difference between light and sound?

Answer 59

Different stimuli travel to different parts of the brain.

Question 60

How can artificial sweeteners taste like sugar but not actually be sugar?

Answer 60

Artificial sweeteners stimulate the same taste buds that sugar does because they have a chemical structure that closely resembles that of sugar.

Question 61

Which of the following about the sense of smell is true?

Answer 61

Dendrites with hair-like projections register smelly molecules.

Question 62

Which of the following statements about the sensory receptors in the human eye is true?

Answer 62

The rods are more sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors; the cones are less sensitive to light, but are able to distinguish colors in daylight.

Question 63

The sense of hearing differs fundamentally from those of taste and smell because:

Answer 63

hearing is sensed by the bending of hair cells, whereas taste and smell involve the binding of molecules to receptors.

Question 64

You’re sewing a button back on your favorite shirt when you accidentally prick yourself with the sewing needle. What type of receptor would respond to this stimulus?

Answer 64

pain receptor

Question 65

When a muscle contracts, the time between a contraction and a relaxation is called a:

Answer 65

twitch

Question 66

In muscle cells, ATP binds to myosin at the same time that:

Answer 66

the myosin breaks its link to the actin.

Question 67

Which of the following statements about the vertebrate skeletal system is true?

Answer 67

With the exception of jawless fish and sharks, the vertebrate skeletal system is made mostly of bone.

Question 68

Hunger, thirst, and maintenance of body temperature are all controlled by:

Answer 68

the hypothalamus.

Question 69

The primary function of the spinal cord in most animals is to:

Answer 69

relay messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 70

A motorcyclist is involved in a freeway accident and sustains serious injuries to his head. Although he survives and recovers, his personality is radically changed. Based on this information, which part of his cerebral cortex was damaged in the accident?

Answer 70

frontal lobe

Question 71

An elderly woman suffers a stroke. Afterward, she is unable to understand when other people speak. Based on this information, what part of her brain was damaged?

Answer 71

Wernicke’s area

Question 72

How does cocaine affect the human nervous system?

Answer 72

It blocks reuptake of dopamine.

Question 73

Which statement about caffeine is true?

Answer 73

Caffeine blocks the “message” to rest and sleep.

Question 74

In the study where test subjects were given an oxytocin nasal spray, these people:

Answer 74

were more trusting of others, especially in thinking they would get a return on their investment.

Question 75

In its most basic definition, the endocrine system involves:

Answer 75

gland organs and the hormones they secrete.

Question 76

Which choice correctly links the description with its corresponding type of hormone?

Answer 76

steroid hormone: passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cell

Question 77

Which of the following controls the vast amount of the endocrine system’s action in vertebrates?

Answer 77

the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 78

When hormones enter the anterior pituitary gland through the anterior pituitary pathway, which of the following glands did they immediately come from?

Answer 78

the hypothalamus

Question 79

Which of the following correctly pairs the gland with the hormone it secretes?

Answer 79

pancreas: insulin

Question 80

Which of the following produced by an endocrine gland?

Answer 80

prolactin

Question 81

If a high dose of time-released testosterone was given to a male songbird, which of the following would be a likely effect?

Answer 81

He would have a shorter life span than most other males.

Question 82

Which statement regarding moods is true?

Answer 82

Moods can be influenced by levels of melatonin in the body.

Question 83

In rodents, the hormone estrogen has been linked to:

Answer 83

obsessive-compulsive behavior.

Question 84

More boys than girls have been winners of competitions testing the knowledge of geography. Researchers have sought to explain this by proposing that:

Answer 84

the greater spatial ability measured in boys, compared to girls, may translate into a greater ability to read maps.

Question 85

Castrated men are more likely to:

Answer 85

have longer life spans.

Question 86

What is the main reason why ethical issues have arisen around human reproduction in the last decade?

Answer 86

Conception and pregnancy are now possible through biotechnological means.

Question 87

Which of the following types of reproduction produce the most variation in offspring?

Answer 87

sexual reproduction

Question 88

Which of the following statements about external fertilization is true?

Answer 88

The gametes of one sex can be very quickly washed away from those of the other sex in environments where external fertilization is used.

Question 89

Which of the following is an example of viviparity?

Answer 89

A mother cat carries several embryos inside her, giving birth to more than one live kitten at a time.

Question 90

Which accessory glands add secretions to the semen in human males?

Answer 90

bulbourethral glands

Question 91

The more frequently females copulate with males, the more likely it is that:

Answer 91

males produce more sperm in their testes.

Question 92

During ovulation in human females, the mature egg is released from the _______, travels through the _______ where fertilization occurs, and embeds in the _______.

Answer 92

follicle; Fallopian tube; endometrium

Question 93

In what way does egg production differ from sperm production in humans?

Answer 93

Only one viable egg is produced each time meiosis occurs in a woman, whereas four sperm are produced each time meiosis occurs in a man.

Question 94

A follicle cell that remains behind after ovulation:

Answer 94

begins producing progesterone.

Question 95

The peak of progesterone production occurs during:

Answer 95

the middle of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

Question 96

Which of the following is the final step in the fertilization of the human egg?

Answer 96

The plasma membranes of the egg and sperm fuse.

Question 97

RU-486 is a pregnancy-termination drug. It binds to progesterone receptors but does not actually activate them. A woman taking this drug would experience:

Answer 97

endometrial sloughing.

Question 98

Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by an arthropod?

Answer 98

crab lice

Question 99

Which of the following sequences shows the correct order of the stages in embryonic development?

Answer 99

cleavage > blastula > gastrulation > neurulation

Question 100

Which trimester of pregnancy is characterized by little growth but significant development and differentiation of cells?

Answer 100

first trimester

Question 101

How long after fertilization does it take for the human zygote to implant in the wall of the uterus?

Answer 101

about a week

Question 102

In childbirth, what is the role of estrogen and prostaglandins?

Answer 102

They initiate labor.

Question 103

What is the goal of the reproductive technology-related process known as “sperm sorting”?

Answer 103

to increase the chances of having a girl or a boy, specifically, through ART

Question 104

Why is the adaptive immune system slower to respond to a pathogen compared to the innate immune system?

Answer 104

The adaptive immune system has to synthesize large numbers of specialized proteins, whereas the innate immune system is ready to go.

Question 105

Which statement about microbes is true?

Answer 105

Most microbes cannot cause infectious disease in humans.

Question 106

The ____________________ is most responsible for protecting you from pathogens and external stresses.

Answer 106

integumentary system

Question 107

Which type of white blood cell defends the body by ingesting pathogens (primarily bacteria), destroying both themselves and pathogens in the process?

Answer 107

neutrophils

Question 108

The four recognizable signs of the inflammatory response are swelling, pain, redness, and:

Answer 108

heat.

Question 109

Which statement about fever is true?

Answer 109

It is sometimes counterproductive to reduce a fever by taking medication.

Question 110

How is your body able to make large amounts of specific antibodies against an invading pathogen?

Answer 110

The foreign antigen binds to a particular B cell, which divides by clonal selection to make an army of B (plasma) cells that all produce large amounts of the same specific antibody.

Question 111

Which statement about vaccines is true?

Answer 111

Vaccines are sometimes made of no more than the unique antigens from a pathogen’s surface.

Question 112

Which statement about antibody molecules is true?

Answer 112

Macrophages can more easily ingest a pathogen coated with antibodies.

Question 113

What division(s) of your immune system would be affected if your thymus were removed?

Answer 113

Both the humoral and cell-mediated divisions because T cells mature in the thymus, and T cells are needed to activate B cells.

Question 114

Which of the following lists the events of the primary immune response in the correct sequence?

Answer 114

antigens bind to lymphocytes, clonal selection of lymphocytes occurs as memory cells are also formed, effector cells produce antibodies or attack the pathogen directly

Question 115

________ actively produce and release antibodies.

Answer 115

Plasma cells

Question 116

Which parts of your body become swollen as a result of rapid division of lymphocytes and other events as your body fights an infection?

Answer 116

lymph nodes

Question 117

In what autoimmune disease do the body’s joints become inflamed?

Answer 117

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 118

The primary target of the human immunodeficiency virus in the body is:

Answer 118

helper T cells.

Question 119

During the acute phase of an HIV infection:

Answer 119

humoral and cell-mediated responses eliminate 99% of the virus from the body.