Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
undesired effects associated with a drug
A
side effects
2
Q
What can result from drug interacting with multiple tissue types, multiple cellular targets, alteration in patients physiology and/or drug pharmacokinetics?
A
side effects
3
Q
What can occur at standard or inappropriate doses, arise when other drugs are given concurrently, or occur as result of altered drug PK?
A
adverse reactions
4
Q
drug concentration in the body that produces the desired effect in the animal with minimal or no signs of toxicity
A
therapeutic range
5
Q
What are the 3 major drug factors that keep drugs in their therapeutic range?
A
route of administration, drug dose, dosage interval
6
Q
What are the most common disease that impact drug PK?
A
liver disease, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease
7
Q
What does cardiovascular disease do to blood flow to tissues?
A
alters it
8
Q
More of what is distributed to the brain and heart in cardiovascular disease?
A
blood
9
Q
Patients are often on what during cardiovascular disease?
A
multiple drugs
10
Q
Decreased drug elimination happens during what disease?
A
kidney
11
Q
What increases in kidney disease?
A
plasma drug concentrations and fluid retention
12
Q
What potential interactions happens in kidney disease?
A
drug interactions
13
Q
The liver is the primary site of what?
A
drug metabolism
14
Q
What decreases in drug pharmacokinetics when aging occurs?
A
drug absorption, hepatic metabolism, renal excretion
15
Q
What has the most significant impact on drug disposition when aging occurs?
A
reduced kidney function
16
Q
Dose dependent drug reactions affect who?
A
all members of a species
17
Q
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are what?
A
unpredictable
18
Q
Idiosyncratic drug reactions affect who?
A
only small portion of treated animals
19
Q
Idiosyncratic drug reactions may or may not do what?
A
affect multiple species
20
Q
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are not what?
A
dose dependent
21
Q
in idiosyncratic drug reactions, risk of reaction increases with what?
A
the dose
22
Q
How do you prevent idiosyncratic drug reactions?
A
drug withdrawal and drug avoidance
23
Q
Periodic measurement of amount of drug in the blood
A
therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
24
Q
Reliability of TDM is dependent on what?
A
timing and number of blood samples collected
25
Reliability of TDM is appropriate for what?
sample collection and handling
26
What is the target of immunosuppressive drugs?
immune system
27
What is the goal of immunosuppressive drugs?
control disease without significant side effects
28
Which immune-mediated disease is most commonly used, short acting, intermediate acting, long acting, eliminated from the body very slowly?
glucocorticoids
29
What is used to either kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms?
antimicrobials
30
Which substances kill or inhibit growth of bacteria?
antibacterial
31
What drugs are divided into two groups based on their chemistry?
antifungal
32
What is the duration of anti fungal drugs?
weeks to months
33
What must you do with the patient when they're on anti fungal drugs?
monitored for side effects
34
What do anti fungal drugs do to the appetite?
decreases it
35
Which disease has nonspecific therapies and targeted therapies and symptomatic supportive care?
gastrointestinal disease
36
Which disease is treated with combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy?
neoplastic diseases (cancers)
37
Which drugs are subdivided into different groups and target tumor cells?
chemotherapy
38
What are the 3 classes of endoparasites?
nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes
39
What are some ectoparasites?
insects and ascrines
40
What do ectoparasiticides risk?
toxicity
41
What does the structures of the urinary system include?
paired kidneys, paired ureters, a single urinary bladder, and a single urethra
42
Within each kidney are millions of individual structures called what?
nephrons
43
What does the urinary system filter from blood?
waste
44
What does the urinary system help control?
system pH
45
What does the urinary system help produce?
blood
46
What does the urinary system help control?
blood pressure, blood volume, and system ion concentrations
47
What are some urinary system disorders?
UTI's, inflammation and irrigation of urinary tract, renal failure, urinary incontinence and uroliths
48
Bacterial infections of the urinary system may lead to what?
inflammation, pollakiuria, dysuria
49
What is pollakiuria?
increased frequency of urination
50
Urinary system disorders may result in what clinical signs?
inappropriate urination, inability to urinate, frequent urination, increased urination, or pain
51
What are antihypertensive drugs?
drugs that decrease hypertension
52
What do ACE inhibitors do?
block the conversion of angiotensin I and angiotensin II
53
What do calcium channel blockers do?
block the influx of calcium ions into the myocardial cells
54
What do direct-acting arteriole vasodilators do?
relax smooth muscles of blood vessels
55
What are side effects beta-adrenergic antagonists?
decreased blood pressure
56
What do alpha-adrenergic antagonists do?
block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
57
What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?
enalapril, captopril, lisinopril, and benazepril
58
What are some examples of calcium-channel blockers?
amlodipine, verapamil, and diltiazem
59
What are some examples of direct-acting arteriole vasodilators?
hydrazine and minoxidil
60
What are some examples of beta-adrenergic antagonists?
propranolol
61
What is an example of alpha-adrenergic antagonists?
phenoxybenzamine and prazosin
62
What do diuretics increase?
the volume of urine excreted by the kidneys
63
What do diuretics promote the release of?
water from tissues
64
What do diuretics lower?
the fluid volume in tissues
65
What are diuretics used to decrease?
edema and lower blood pressure
66
What are some types of diuretics?
thiazides, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbon anhydrase inhibitors and osmotics
67
What do thiazides act directly on?
the renal tubules to block sodium reabsorption
68
What do thiazides promote?
chloride ion excretion
69
What are some side effects of thiazides?
hypokalemia and cardiac dysfunction
70
What do loop diuretics influence?
the reabsorption action at the loop of henle
71
What are the side effects of loop diuretics?
electrolyte imbalances, especially hypokalemia
72
What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do?
block the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
73
What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used for?
to decrease intraocular pressure with open-angle glaucoma
74
What do osmotic diuretics do?
increase the osmolality of the urine filtrate in the renal tubules
75
What are osmotic diuretics used for?
to prevent kidney failure and to decrease intracranial and intraocular pressure
76
What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?
enalaril and benazepril
77
What are some examples of calcium-channel blockers?
diltiazem and verapamil
78
What is an example of beta-blockers?
propanolol
79
What are some examples of alpha-adrenergic antagonists?
phenoxybenzamine and prazosin
80
What are uroliths?
abnormal mineral masses in the urinary system
81
What are some types of uroliths?
struvite, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, urate, cystine, and mixed
82
Each type of urolith may be treated differently and may include what?
dietary management as well as drug treatment
83
Drug categories used to treat uroliths include what?
urinary acidifiers, urinary alkalinizers, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors
84
Urinary acidifiers are used clinically to produce what?
acid urine
85
What does acid urine do?
dissolves and helps prevent formation of struvite uroliths
86
What are some examples of urinary acidifiers?
methionine and ammonium chloride
87
Urinary alkalinizes are used clinically to treat what?
calcium oxalate, cystine, and ammonium urate uroliths
88
What is an example of urinary alkalinizers?
potassium citrate
89
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors decrease the production of what?
acid urine
90
What is urinary incontinence?
the loss of voluntary control of micturition
91
Urinary incontinence may be due to what?
neurologic disorders or non-neruologic disorders
92
What results from trauma to the spinal cord, tumors of the nervous system, or degeneration of the nervous system tracts?
neurologic disorders
93
What kind of disorder includes hormone responsive, stress, urge, ectopic ureter formation, or urinary bladder over-distention?
non-neurologic disorders
94
What are some drugs used to treat neurologically caused urinary incontinence?
Cholinergic agonists, Anticholinergics, Alpha-adrenergic antagonists, Estrogen, Testosterone, Alpha- and Beta-adrenergic agonists
95
Cholinergic agonists treat animals with damage to the nerves that control what?
relaxation of the urinary bladder
96
What do cholinergic agonists promote?
voiding of urine from the urinary bladder
97
What is an example of a cholinergic-agonist?
bethanechol
98
Anticholinergics treat urinary incontinence by promoting what?
urine retention in the urinary bladder
99
What are some examples or anticholinergics?
propantheline
100
Alpha-adrenergic antagonists decrease what?
the tone of internal urethral sphincters
101
Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are used to treat what?
over-distention of the urinary bladder
102
What are some examples of Alpha-adrenergic antagonists?
phenoxybenzamine and prazosin
103
Estrogen and Testosterone treat what?
hormone-responsive urinary incontinence
104
What is an example of estrogen?
diethylsilbestrol
105
What is an example of testosterone?
testosterone cypionate and testosterone propionate
106
Alpha and Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate receptors which increases what?
urethral tone
107
What are some examples of Alpha- and Beta-adrenergic agonists?
phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine
108
Skeletal muscle relaxants treat what?
urge incontinence or urethral obstructions
109
What is an example of skeletal muscle relaxants?
dantrolene, aminopropazine, and diazepam
110
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to various parts of the body
111
What does the cardiovascular system also transport?
waste products
112
What are the purposes of the cardiovascular system?
distribute metabolites and O2, collect wastes and CO2, thermoregulation, hormone distribution
113
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
heart, arteries, veins and capillaries
114
Blood supplies body tissues with what?
oxygen, nutrients, and various chemicals
115
Blood transports what?
waste products
116
Blood cells also play an important role in what systems?
immune and endocrine
117
The electrical impulses of the heartbeat originate where?
the sinoatrial node (SA node)
118
Heart rate is controlled primary by what?
autonomic nervous system
119
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system does what?
slows heart rate
120
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system does what?
increases heart rate
121
What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?
arteries, veins, and capillaries
122
What is an artery?
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
123
What is a vein?
low-pressure collecting system that returns blood to the heart
124
What are capillaries?
single-cell thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems
125
What is systole?
contraction of heart chambers
126
What is diastole?
relaxation of heart chambers
127
What is normal heart beat called?
normal sinus rhythm
128
Workload of the heart is divided into what?
preload and after load
129
What is preload?
volume of blood entering the right side of the heart
130
What is after load?
force needed to push blood out of the ventricles
131
If the heart is not working properly it can compensate by what 4 mechanisms?
1. increase heart rate
2. Increase stroke volume
3. Increase efficiency
4. Enlarge itself
132
Blood pressure flows how?
from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
133
Blood pressure is determined by what?
heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance
134
What is normal blood pressure considered to be?
130 to 180 mm or HG systolic and 60 to 95 mm of Hg diastolic
135
Blood pressure usually refers to what?
pressure in large arteries or the systemic circulation
136
Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of what?
systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
137
How is blood pressure measured?
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
138
What is cardiac output?
the amount of blood that the heart pumps/min
139
How do you calculate cardiac output?
heart rate X stroke volume
140
What is congestive heart failure?
a syndrome that can occur with any disorder that damages or overworks the heart muscle
141
What are some conditions that lead to congestive heart failure?
cardiomyopathy, hypertension, valvular disease
142
What are cardiac arrhythmias?
a disruption in the cardiac rate or rhythm
143
What do arrhythmias interfere with?
the work of the heart and can disrupt cardiac output
144
What causes arrhythmias?
changes in rate, stimulation from an ectopic force, or by alterations in conduction of the muscle
145
Hypertension results in what?
prolonged force put on the vessels of the vascular system
146
Hypotension results in what?
tissues of the body not receiving sufficient amount of oxygenated blood
147
What are types of cardiovascular drugs?
1. Positive inotropic drugs
2. Negative inotropic drugs
3. Positive chronotropic drugs
4. Negative chronotropic drugs
5. Positive dromotropic drugs
6. Negative dromotropic drugs
148
What do positive inotropic drugs do?
increase the force of myocardial contraction
149
What do negative inotropic drugs do?
decrease the force of myocardial contraction
150
What do positive chronotropic drugs do?
increase heart rate
151
How do positive chronotropic drugs increase the heart rate?
by altering the rate of impulse formation at the SA node
152
What do negative chronotropic drugs do?
decrease the heart rate
153
How do negative chronoropic drugs decrease the heart rate?
by altering the rate of impulse formation at the SA node
154
What do positive dromotropic drugs do?
increase the conduction of electrical impulses
155
What do negative dromotropic drugs do?
decrease the conduction of electrical impulses
156
What are some positive inotropes?
1. cardiac glycosides
2. catecholamines
3. benzimidazoles-pyridazinones
157
What do cardiac glycosides do?
increase the strength of cardiac contractions, decrease the heart rate, have anti arrhythmic effect, and decrease signs of dyspnea
158
What are side effects of cardiac glycosides?
anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and cardiac arrhythmias
159
What are some examples of cardiac glycosides?
digoxin and digitoxin
160
What do catecholamines do?
increase the force and rate of myocardial contraction, constrict peripheral blood vessels and increase blood glucose levels
161
What are some examples of catecholamines?
epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, and isoproterenol
162
What do benzimidazole-pyridazinones do?
increase force of contraction and cause widening of blood vessels
163
What are bezimidazole-pyridazinones used for?
treatments of CHF in dogs
164
What are side effects of benzimidazole-pyridazinones?
anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, and dyspnea
165
What is an example of benzimidazole-pyridazinones?
pimobendan
166
What are anti arrhythmic drugs used for?
to correct variation in the normal beating of the heart
167
What are some types of anti arrhythmic drugs?
1. local anesthetics
2. membrane stabilizers
3. beta-adrenergic blockers
4. action potential prolongation drugs
5. calcium-channel blockers
168
What are vasodilators?
drugs used to dilate arteries and/or veins
169
What do vasodilators alleviate?
vessel constriction and improves cardiac output
170
What are some examples of vasodilators?
1. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
2. arteriole dilators
3. ventilators
4. combined vasodilators
171
What are calcium-channel blockers used to treat?
CHF and hypertension
172
What do calcium-channel blockers inhibit?
the movement of calcium through the myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle
173
What are side effects of calcium-channel blockers?
hypotension and anorexia
174
What do blood enhancing drugs affect?
RBC's and the production or quality of RBC's
175
What are examples of blood enhancing drugs?
iron and erythropoietin
176
What are the most common diseases that impact Pharmacokinetics?
liver, kidney, and cardiovascular disease
177
What does cardiovascular disease alter?
the distribution of blood flow to tissues
178
More blood is transferred to the brain and heart in what disease?
cardiovascular disease
179
What decreases in kidney disease?
drug elimination
180
What increases in kidney disease?
plasma drug concentration
181
The liver is the primary site for what?
drug metabolism
182
What are the structures of the GI tract?
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
183
Structures of the GI tract vary from what?
mono gastric animals with simple stomachs to ruminant animals with multi chambered forestomachs
184
What is mastication?
chewing
185
What is deglutition?
swallowing
