Test #1

Question 1

What are the six criteria that help determine if behaviour is abnormal?

Answer 1

1. Behaviour is unusual
2. Behaviour is socially unacceptable or violates social norms.
3. Perception is interpretation of reality is faulty.
4. The person is in significant personal distress
5. Behaviour is maladaptive or self-defeating.
6. Behaviour is dangerous

Question 2

Define epigenome.

Answer 2

The sum total of inherited and squires molecular variations to the genome that lead to changes in gene regulation.

Question 3

Define gene expression.

Answer 3

The process by which a gene sequence becomes activated and is translated into the proteins that determine the structure and functions of body cells.

Question 4

What is the process of preventing or suppressing a gene sequence from being translated into proteins called ?

Answer 4

Gene silencing

Question 5

Define the preconscious

Answer 5

Descriptive of material that lies outside of present awareness but that can be brought into awareness by focusing attention.

Question 6

Define unconscious

Answer 6

Pertaining to impulses or ideas that are not readily available to awareness, in many instances because they are kept from awareness.

The part of the mind that contains repressed material and primitive urges of the id.

Question 7

What is the structural hypothesis?

Answer 7

The belief that the clashing forces within the personality could be divided inTo 3 structures (ego, superego and id)

Question 8

Define the id

Answer 8

The unconscious psychic structure that is preset at birth contains instivtualndrives and is hovered by the pleasure principle.

Question 9

Define the pleasure principle.

Answer 9

The governing principle of the id, involving the demands for immediate gratification of instinctual needs.

Question 10

What is primary process thinking?

Answer 10

The mental process in infancy by which the id seeks gratification of primitive impulses by means of imagining it possesses what it desires. Thinking that is illogical and magical and fails to discriminate between reality and fantasy.

Question 11

Define the ego

Answer 11

The psychic structure corresponding to the concept of self. The ego is governed by the reality principle and is responsible for findings socially acceptable outlets for the urging of the Id. The ego is characterised by the capacity to tolerate frustration and delay gratification

Question 12

Reality principle

Answer 12

The governing principle of the ego that involves consideration of what is socially acceptable and practical in gratifying needs.

Question 13

What is secondary process thinking ?

Answer 13

The reality based thinking process and problem solving activities of the ego

Question 14

What is the terms for the centre of consciousness that organises sensory impressions and governs ones perceptions of the world?

Answer 14

The self

Question 15

Define the superego.

Answer 15

The psychic structure that represents incorporation is the moral values of the parents and important others and floods the ego with guilt and shame when it falls short of meeting those standards.

Question 16

What is the term for the process of incorporating the personality or behaviour of others

Answer 16

Identification

Question 17

What does the moral principle govern?

Answer 17

The superego

Question 18

What is the ego ideal in Freud’s view?

Answer 18

The configuration of higher social values and moral ideals embodies in the superego.

Question 19

List the defence mechanisms

Answer 19

Repression 
Regression 
Displacement. 
Denial 
Reaction formation 
Rationalisation 
Projection
Sublimation

Question 20

What so the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

Answer 20

Positive reinforcers increase the frequency of a behaviour when they are presented while the removal of negative reinforced increases the frequency of behaviour.

Question 21

What the difference between a primary and secondary reinforcer ?

Answer 21

A primary reinforced is natural and is not learned. A secondary reinforced is valued through association.

Question 22

What does Ellis believe leads to emotions?

Answer 22

Activating events —> beliefs —> consequences

Question 23

What are Ellis’s 3 core irrational beliefs.

Answer 23

1. “I must be thoroughly competent […] or else I am worthless “
2. “ Other significant ppl I. My life must treat me kindly […] or else I can’t stand it and they are bad […] “
3. “ conditions absolutely must be the way I want them to be and must never be difficult otherwise life is awful”

Question 24

What are thecognitive errors according to Aaron beck

Answer 24

Selective abstraction 
Overgeneralisation 
Magnification 
Absolutist thinking 
Downward drift