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Mental Health > Neurodevelopmental Disorders > Flashcards

Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three neurodevelopmental disorders we look at ?

A

Autism spectrum disorder
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Specific learning disorder

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2
Q

What are the 4 criteria for autism spectrum disorder?

A

A. Impairement in social interactions (all 3 symptoms )
B. Repetitive patterns of behaviour and interest (at least 2)
C. Symptoms present in early developmental period
D. Significant impairment.

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of impairement in soch interactions ?

A
  1. Impairement in the use of non verbal behaviour
  2. deficits in peer relationships
  3. Lack of social or emotional reciprocity
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4
Q

What are examples of impairement in the use of non verbal behaviour in low functioning individuals ?

A

No eye contact
Doesn’t smile
Arches back when picked up.

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5
Q

What are example of impairement in the use of non verbal behaviours in high functioning individuals ?

A

Minimal facial expression
Awkward gestures
Unusual body posture

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6
Q

What are examples of deification in peer relationships in low functioning individuals

A

No interaction with others

No make believe play or imitation

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7
Q

What are example of deficits in peer relationships in high functioning individuals on the autism spectrum disorder?

A

Difficulty picking up social cues.

Difficulty adjusting to the social context

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8
Q

What are example of lack of social or emotional reciprocity in low functioning individuals ?

A

Do not share interests
No pointing
Do not notice others distress
Cannot see things from another’s perspective

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9
Q

What are examples of lack of social or emotional reciprocity in high functioning individuals ?

A

Conversations are one way
Do not pick up on emotional cues
Do not understand sarcasm
Very literal

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10
Q

What are the four symptoms of repetitive patterns of behaviour ?

A
  1. Repetitive motor movement, use of object or speech.
  2. Fixated interests
    3 inflexible adherence to routines
  3. Hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input
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11
Q

What are examples of repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech on low functioning individuals ?

A

Hand flapping
Spinning objects
Echolalia

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12
Q

What are examples of fixated interests in low functioning individuals

A

Attachment to objects

Preoccupations (eg turning on and off lights )

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13
Q

Give examples of fixated interests in high functioning individuals ?

A

Extensive knowledge in area of interest.

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14
Q

What are the specifiers for autism spectrum disorder ?

A
  • with or without intellectual impairment
  • with or without language impairement
  • severity ( requiring support/substantial support/very substantial support )
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15
Q

What are the features of autism spectrum disorder?

A 
Motor deficits are common 
Self injury is common 
Behaviour problems 
Prone to anxiety and depression 
Autistic savants (10%)
More common in males
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16
Q

What are the causes of autism spectrum disorder?

A 
Biological 
•genetics 
-chromosomal abnormalities 
•prenatal factors 
-rubella 
•brain abnormalities 
-abnormal brain growth 
-smaller corpus callosum 
-enlarged amygdala
17
Q

Treatment to autism spectrum disorder

A

•behaviour modification

  • communication skills
  • self care skills
  • behaviour problems
  • social skills
18
Q

What are the criteria for ADHD?

A 
A. Either (1) or (2) 
 1. Innatention (minimum 6 symptoms ) 
 2. Hyperactivity and/or impulsivity (minimum 6 symptoms ) 
B. Onset before the age of 12 
C. Duration of at least 6 months 
D. Impairement in two or more settings
19
Q

What are the 9 symptoms for innatention ?

A 
Makes careless mistakes. 
Poor attention in tasks 
Doesn’t listen. 
Doesn’t finish tasks. 
Poor organisation. 
Avoid sustained mental effort. 
Loses things 
Easily distracted. 
Forgetful.
20
Q

List the 6 symptoms of hyperactivity

A 
Fidget
Can’t sit stil 
Runs about or climbs excessively 
Can’t play quietly
On the go 
Talks excessively
21
Q

List the 3 symptoms of impulsivity

A

Blurts our answers before question completed.
Trouble waiting his turn
Interrupts

22
Q

List eight school problems of ADHD

A 
Poor cognitive strategies. 
Inferior at group work. 
Poor achievement 
Poor motivation. 
Frequent reprimands 
Poor relationships 
Poor self esteem. 
Depression
23
Q

What are the theee subtypes of ADHD?

A

ADHD, combined type
ADHD, inattentive type
ADHD, hyperactive-impulsive type

24
Q

Describe adhd in teens,

A

Hyperactivity decreases
70% continued to have attention problems
40% had low self esteem
26% had a history of delinquent behaviour

25
Q

ADHD in adults

A 
50% reported continued problems 
Increases rates of 
- depression and anxiety 
-legal infractions 
-traffic accidents 
-job changes 
-substance use
26
Q

What are the biological causes of adhd?

A 
•genetics 
•brain abnormalities 
-neurologically immature 
-reduces activity in frontal lobes 
•increases rates of dopamine reuptake 
•prenatal and birth complications 
-maternal smoking,alcohol or drug use, lead
-low birth weight, premature and difficult delivery.
27
Q

What are the psychological and social factors that may have caused adhd?

A

Poor parenting skills
Request disruptions
Parental stress

28
Q

What are the treatments for adhd ?

A

Medication(stimulants ) and psychosocial treatment

29
Q

What are the 5 short term effects of stimulants?

A 
Decrease in motor activity. 
Decrease in impulsivity. 
Decrease aggressiveness 
Improve ability to concentrate 
No improvement in academic performance.
30
Q

What are the long term effects of stimulants?

A 
•viewed their childhood more positively. 
•better social skills
•better self esteem 
•no benefits in 
-level of education completed 
-psychiatric history 
-delinquent behaviour
31
Q

What are the 5 short term side effects of stimulants

A 
Insomnia 
Decrease appetite and weight loss
Abdominal pain and headaches. 
Irritability and increased crying 
Increases in heart rate and blood pressure
32
Q

What are the infrequent side effects of stimulants ?

A

Tics
Behavioural rebound
Loss of spontaneity

33
Q

What are the 3 long term concern of stimulants

A

Growth effects
Cardiovascular effects
Future drug use

34
Q

What are the psychosocial treatements for ADHD?

A 
•behavioural programs 
•accomodation in schools 
•self instructional training 
•parent training 
-taught when to attend and when to ignore 
-special time 
-catch their children being good 
-taught to make them demands more effectively 
-social skills intervention 
-academic skills training
35
Q

Define learning disorders

A

When a persons skill reading, writing, or mathematics is substantially below what would be expected to his or her age, education, and intelligence.

36
Q

What are the three types of learning disorders ?

A 
Reading disorder (dyslexia ) 
Disorder of written expression 
Mathematics disorder (dyscalculia)
37
Q

What are the consequences of learning disorders ?

A

Low self esteem
Low motivation
40% drop out of schools

38
Q

Causes of learning disorders?

A 
Neurobiological features 
-impaired visual processing 
-dysfunction in other sensory pathways 
-impairement in brains language areas 
Genetics
39
Q

What are the treatments for learning disabilities

A

Accentuate strengths
Remedial training
Learning strategies and accommodation

Mental Health (9 decks)

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