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Bio 201 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vitalism is

A

The idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms, which was disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds.

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2
Q

Mechanism is

A

The view that all natural phenomena are governed by psychical and chemical laws.

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3
Q

Explain the importance of Miller’s experiment.

A

Miller’s classic experiment supports the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have been a stage in the origin of life.

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4
Q

Urea

A

CO (NH2)2

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5
Q

Describe Hydrocarbons

A

HC are organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon. Many organic molecules such as fats have HC components and can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy.

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6
Q

Isomers are

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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7
Q

Structural isomers have

A

Different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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8
Q

Cod-Trans Isomers have

A

The same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

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9
Q

Enantiomers are

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other. Enantiomers are important to the pharmaceutical industry. Two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects. Usually only one isomer is biologically active. Differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules.

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10
Q

Functional groups are

A

The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. The number and arrangements of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.

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11
Q

The seven functional groups are

A

Hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl(O), carbonyl (COOH), amino (NH2), Sulfhydryl (SH), phosphate (OPO3) and Methyl (CH3)

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12
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

OH. Alcohols (I.e Ethanol). Polar as a result of e- spending more time near the electronegative O atom.

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13
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

CO. Ketones and Aldehydes, which both may be structural isomers as is the case with acetone and propanol.

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14
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

COOH. Carboxylic acids, or organic acids. Acts as an acid, can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.

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15
Q

Amino Group

A

NH2. Amines. Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution. Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+.

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16
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

SH. Thiols. Cross linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. Breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds changes the structure.

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17
Q

Phosphate Group

A

OPO3. Organic Phosphates. Contributes - charge to the molecule of which it is apart of. (2- when at the end of a molecule, 1- when located internally in the chain of phosphates). Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy.

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18
Q

Methyl Group

A

CH3. Methylated compounds. Addition of a methyl Group to DNA, or molecules bound to DNA, affect the expression of genes. Addition of methyl Groups in male/female sex hormones affects their shape and function.

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19
Q

ATP is

A

The primary energy transferring molecule in the cell. ATP consists of an organic molecule Calle Adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups.

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20
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by

A
  1. The location of the Carbonyl Group (as Aldose or Ketose)

2. The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.

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21
Q

A disaccharide is formed when

A

A dehydration reaction joins two molecules. This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage.

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22
Q

Polysaccharides have storage and structural roles. The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by

A

It’s sugar monomers and the position of glycosidic linkages.

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23
Q

Starch (Polysaccharide)

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers. Plants store excess starch as granules within chloroplast and other plastids. The simplest form of starch is amylose.

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24
Q

Glycogen (Polysaccharide) is

A

A storage polysaccharide in animals. Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells.

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25
Q

The polysaccharide cellulose is

A

A major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose but the glycosidic linkages differ based on two ring forms: alpha (helical) and beta (straight).

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26
Q

Chitin (Polysaccharide)

A

Is another structural polysaccharide and is found in the exoskeleton of Arthopods. Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.

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27
Q

Lipids

A

Are the one class of large Bio-molecules that do not form polymers. Lipids are hydrophobic since they mostly consist of HC which form non-polar bonds. Lipids consist of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

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28
Q

Fats are constructed from

A

Glycerol, a three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl Group attached to each carbon, and fatty acids, which consist of a carboxyl Group attached to a long carbon skeleton.

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29
Q

In a fat, 3 fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an

A

Ester linkage, creating a triaclyglycerol, or triglyceride.

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30
Q

Most animal fats are

A

Saturated

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31
Q

Plant fats and fish fats are usually

A

Unsaturated

32
Q

Hydrogenation is

A

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds.

33
Q

Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the human body. These must be supplied in the diet. These include:

A

Omega 3 fatty acids, required for normal growth and the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

34
Q

The major function of fats is energy storage. Humans and other mammals store their fat in

A

Adipose cells. Adipose tissue also cushions vital organs and insulates the body.

35
Q

In a phospholipid,

A

Two fatty acids and a phosphate Group are attached to glycerol.

36
Q

Name the 8 types of proteins.

A

Enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile & motor, and structural.

ESSTHeR + DC

37
Q

Enzymes are

A

A type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up reactions. Enzymes can function repeatedly, functioning as workhorses that carry out the processes of life.

38
Q

Amino acids are

A

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups. AA differ in their properties due to differing side chains, or R groups. AA are linked by peptide bonds.

39
Q

A polypeptide is a polymer of

A

Amino Acids. Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of AA, with a carboxyl end (C-Terminus) end and an amino end (N-Terminus)

40
Q

Denaturation is

A

The loss of a protein’s native structure.

41
Q

Chaperonins are

A

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.

42
Q

Ways to determine a proteins structure include:

A

X-Ray crystallography, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Bioinformatics.

43
Q

Genes program

A

The AA sequence of a polypeptide. Genes are made of DNA, a nuclei acids made of monomers called nucleotides.

44
Q

DNA provides the

A

Directions for its own replication and directs the synthesis of mRNA, and through mRNA, controls protein synthesis.

45
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers called

A

Polynucleotides. Each polynucleotide is made of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate Group.

46
Q

A nucleoside is

A

The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate Group.

47
Q

Two families of nitrogenous bases are:

A

Pyrimidines: C,T,U. Have a single six-membered ring.
Purines: A,G. Have a six-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring.

48
Q

Prokaryotic Cells contain:

A

Domains Bacteria and Archea. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus- DNA is found in unbound region called the nucleoid.

49
Q

Eukaryotic Cells contain:

A

Protists, fungi, animals and plants. Eukaryotic Cells contain membrane bound organelles and DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope.

50
Q

All Cells contain:

A

A plasma membrane, chromosomes (carry genes), ribosomes (make proteins), and a cytosol.

51
Q

Endomembrane System

A

A group of cell membranes and organelles mutually interconnected either continuous or via transfer by vesicles. The Endomembrane system includes: the nuclear envelope, E.R, G.A, Lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

52
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, the E.R is split into the rough E.R and the smooth E.R.

53
Q

Smooth E.R

A

Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions.

54
Q

Rough E.R

A

Bound ribosomes which secrets glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates), distributes transport vesicles, and is a membrane factory for the cell.

55
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Dubbed the shipping and receiving center, the G.A modifies products of the E.R, manufacturers certain macromolecules, and sorts packages materials into transport vesicles. The G.A consists of Cisternae, or flattened membranous sacs.
Cis- receiving side of the G.A
Trans- shipping side of the G.A

56
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules. Lysosomal enzymes work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome.

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome.

58
Q

Autophagy

A

The process of Lysosomes use of enzymes to recycle the cell’s organelles and macromolecules.

59
Q

Vacuoles

A

Diverse maintenance compartments derived from the E.R and G.A.
Includes: Food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, and central vacuoles.

60
Q

Ribosomes

A

Are particles made of rRNA and protein. Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations: the cytosol and outside of the E.R or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

61
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

Maintains the shape of the nucleus.

62
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles.
The cytoskeleton Includes: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

63
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of many linked monomers of the protein Actin, giving it the second name Actin filaments.

64
Q

—- proposed the fluid mosaic model with h. Philic regions exposed to water.

A

S.J Singer and G. Nicholson.

65
Q

Microtubules

A

Shape the cell, guides movement organelles, and separates chromosomes during cell division.

66
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Support cell shape and fix organelles in place. Most permanent of the three classes.

67
Q

Freeze Fracture

A

A specialized preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer. Supports the fluid-mosaic model.

68
Q

At warm temperatures, the steroid cholesterol affects the membrane by

A

Restraining the movement of phospholipids.

69
Q

At cool temperatures, the steroid cholesterol affects the membrane by

A

Maintaining fluidity by preventing tight packing.

70
Q

—- are proteins that span the membrane

A

Trans membrane proteins.

71
Q

—- bound to the surface of the membrane.

A

Peripheral proteins

72
Q

—- penetrate the h. Phobic regions of the membrane, of h. Phobic core.

A

Integral proteins.

73
Q

Transport proteins allow passage of

A

Polar molecules across the membrane. Transport proteins are specialized and include channel proteins and carrier proteins.

74
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cell loses water and shrivels

75
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell gains water and bursts.

Bio 201 (6 decks)

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