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Bio 201 > Bio 251 (CHP 1-5) > Flashcards

Bio 251 (CHP 1-5) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy is defined as

A

the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.

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2
Q

Physiology is defined as

A

the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.

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3
Q

Topics of Anatomy include:

A

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy

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4
Q

Gross/Macroscopic encompasses

A

Regional, studied area by area, Systemic, studied system by system, and Surface, external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.

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5
Q

Microscopic Anatomy encompasses:

A

Cytology, cellular anatomy, and Histology, study of tissues.

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6
Q

Physiology encompasses:

A

Cell physiology, examines process in cells, Neurophysiology, focuses on the nervous system and Cardiovascular physiology, the heart and blood vessels.

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7
Q

Two subjects that encompass both Anatomy and Physiology are:

A

Pathology, structural and functional changes caused by disease, and Exercise Physiology, changes in structure and function caused by exercise.

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8
Q

Describe the Integumentary System.

A

Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce Vitamin D.

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9
Q

Describe the Skeletal System.

A

Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.

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10
Q

Describe the Muscular System.

A

Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. Provides body movements, maintains posture, and produced body heat.

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11
Q

Describe the Lymphatic System.

A

Consists of the Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

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12
Q

Describe the Respiratory System.

A

Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages. Exchanges Oxygen and CO2 between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.

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13
Q

Describe the Digestive System.

A

Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

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14
Q

Describe the Nervous System

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptor. A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.

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15
Q

Describe the Endocrine System.

A

Consists of glands that secrete hormones.

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16
Q

Describe the Cardiovascular System.

A

Consists of the Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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17
Q

Describe the Urinary System.

A

Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

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18
Q

Describe the Female Reproductive System.

A

Consists of the Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures. Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for newborns; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.

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19
Q

Describe the Male Reproductive System.

A

Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis. Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.

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20
Q

What are the 6 Characteristics of Life.

A

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, and Reproduction.

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21
Q

What are the two aspects of Development?

A

Differentiation, change from general to specific, and morphogenesis, change in shape of tissue, and organs.

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22
Q

Values of variables fluctuate around the ____ to establish a ____ of values.

A

Set point; normal range.

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23
Q

What is the set point for body temperature?

A

approximately 37°C (98.6°F).

24
Q

A feedback system includes:

A

A receptor, monitors the value of some variable, Control center, establishes the set point, and an effector, can change the value of the variable and produce a response.

25
Q

Explain Positive feedback.

A

When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater.

26
Q

Describe the Anatomical position.

A

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward.

27
Q

Two body positions are:

A

Supine, lying face upward, and prone, lying face downward.

28
Q

Another word for Superior is:

A

Cephalic.

29
Q

Another word for Inferior is:

A

Caudal.

30
Q

Medial vs. Lateral is:

A

relative to the midline.

31
Q

Proximal vs. Distal is used to describe:

A

linear structures.

32
Q

Superficial vs. Deep is:

A

relative to the surface of the body.

33
Q

Another word for Anterior is:

A

Ventral.

34
Q

Another word for Posterior is:

A

Dorsal.

35
Q

Name the regions of the right abdominal.

A

Right Hypochondriac, Right Lumbar Region, and Right Iliac Region.

36
Q

Name the regions of the mid-abdominal.

A

Epigastric Region, Umbilical Region, and Hypogastric Region.

37
Q

A longitudinal plan through an Organ is:

A

a cut along the length of an organ.

38
Q

A Transverse/Cross plane through an Organ is:

A

A cut at right angle to length of the organ.

39
Q

An Oblique plan through an Organ is:

A

a cut at any but a right angle.

40
Q

Peritoneum refers to the:

A

Abdomino-pelvic cavity.

41
Q

Pleura refers to:

A

Lungs and thoracic cavity.

42
Q

Pericardium refers to:

A

the heart.

43
Q

The diaphragm divides the body cavity into:

A

the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities.

44
Q

The Mediastinum contains:

A

all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs.

45
Q

Describe Serous Membranes.

A

Serous membranes cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity. The outer wall is the parietal serous membrane and the inner wall is the visceral serous membrane.

46
Q

What are some functions of the Cell?

A
  • Cell metabolism and energy use
  • Synthesis of molecules
  • Communication
  • Reproduction & Inheritance
47
Q

Glycocalyx is composed of combinations of:

A

Carbohydrates and Lipids (Glycolipids) and Proteins (Glycoproteins) on outer surface.

48
Q

Glycocalyx is found in the:

A

Plasma Membrane

49
Q

Membrane proteins can be either ____ or ____.

A

Integral/Intrinsic, extend deeply into membrane and can form channels through the membrane, or Peripheral/Extrinsic, attached to Integral proteins at either inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer.

50
Q

If the concentration of a solution is higher inside the cell than outside the cell, the solution is ______.

A

Hypertonic.

51
Q

If the concentration of a solution is lower inside the cell than outside the cell, the solution is ______.

A

Hypotonic.

52
Q

Aquaporins are:

A

Water specific channel proteins that facilitate in the transport of water molecules across a cell’s lipid bilayer.

53
Q

Marker molecules allow cells to:

A

Identify other cells or other molecules.

54
Q

Attachment proteins:

A

anchor cells to other cells (Cadherins) or to Extracellular molecules (Integrins).

55
Q

Osmotic pressure is the:

A

force required to prevent water from moving across a membrane by osmosis.

56
Q

Crenation is when a cell:

A

Shrinks

57
Q

Lysis is when a cell:

A

Swells

Bio 201 (6 decks)

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