Chp 7-9

Question 1

What bones make up the Axial Skeleton?

Answer 1

The skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Question 2

What is the function of the External occipital protuberance?

Answer 2

Provides a point of attachment for the Ligamentum nuchae which runs down towards the C7 vertebrae, helping keep the head erect.

Question 3

The mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the–

Answer 3

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), a combination of an Ellipsoid and plane joint with the ellipsoid portion dominating. A fibrocartilage articulated disk is located between both bones, dividing the joint into superior and inferior joint cavities

Question 4

The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves. The bony part is the – and –. – forms the anterior part.

Answer 4

Vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. Hyaline Cartilage.

Question 5

An exaggeration of the Lumbar region is known as –

Answer 5

Lordosis.

Question 6

An exaggeration of the thoracic region is known as –

Answer 6

Kyphosis.

Question 7

A lateral exaggeration of the vertebral column, often accompanied by kyphosis, is called –

Answer 7

Scoliosis.

Question 8

Explain what happens with a herniated or ruptured disk.

Answer 8

Parts of the annulus fibrosus has been removed to expose the nucleus pulposus.

Question 9

What are some distinct properties of Cervical vertebrae?

Answer 9

Cervical vertebrae have very small bodies, tend to have bifid spinous processes, and have transverse foramina.

Question 10

The last two Thoracic vertebrae differ from the first 10 in that they–

Answer 10

Do not have articular facets on transverse processes for articulation with ribs.

Question 11

What are some characteristics of Thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 11

Thoracic vertebrae have long, thin spinous processes that are directed inferiorly.

Question 12

What differentiates Lumbar vertebrae from other vertebrae?

Answer 12

Lumbar vertebrae have large, thick bodies and a heavy rectangular transverse and spinous process. Superior articular facets face medially; inferior articular facts face laterally adding strength and limiting rotation.

Question 13

The Coracoid Process is located on the – and forms an attachment for

Answer 13

Muscles.

Question 14

What two bones does the Clavicle articulate with?

Answer 14

The manubrium of the sternum and the acromion.

Question 15

What two structures of the Humerus articulates with the Ulnar?

Answer 15

The trochlea and the capitulum.

Question 16

What are the purpose of the arches of the feet?

Answer 16

The arches of the feet distribute the weight of the body between the heel and the ball of the feet. The 3 main arches are the medial and lateral longitudinal arches, and the transverse arch.

Question 17

The Ischial spines are farther apart in–

Answer 17

Females

Question 18

Ischial tuberosities are turned laterally in – and medially in –

Answer 18

Females, males.

Question 19

The Ilium is more shallow and flared laterally in –

Answer 19

Females.

Question 20

The subpubic angle is 90 degrees more in –

Answer 20

Females.

Question 21

The pelvic outlet is heart-shaped in – and oval in –

Answer 21

Males, females

Question 22

The sacrum is broader in – with the inferior portion directed more posteriorly; the sacral promontory does not project as far anteriorly in –.

Answer 22

Females, females.

Question 23

The head of the femur articulates with the –

Answer 23

Acetabulum.

Question 24

Describe Fibrous Joints.

Answer 24

Fibrous joints are united by fibrous C.T, have no joint cavity, and move little or none. Subgroups include: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.

Question 25

Describe Cartilaginous joints.

Answer 25

Cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of cartilage. Subgroups include: synchondroses (hyaline cartilage), and symphyses (fibrocartilage).

Question 26

Describe Synovial joints.

Answer 26

Synovial joints contain joint fluid, allows for considerable movement, and makes up most of the joints found in the appendicular skeleton. Types of Synovial joints include plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball & socket, and ellipsoid joints spanning from uniaxial, biracial, and multiaxial movements.

Question 27

Define range of motion.

Answer 27

Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint.

Question 28

What are the two types of range of motion?

Answer 28

Active, amount of movement by muscle contraction, and Passive, amount of movement accomplished by some outside source.

Question 29

The TMJ allows for which types of movement.

Answer 29

Depression/elevation, excursion, and protraction/retraction.

Question 30

Describe menisci.

Answer 30

Minisci, found in the knee, are fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface.

Question 31

Describe Sutures.

Answer 31

Sutures, a type of fibrous joint, are seams between the bones of the skull. These seams ossify as we grow through a process called synostosis.

Question 32

Describe Syndesmoses.

Answer 32

A type of Fibrous joint in which the bones are farther apart than in Sutures and are joined by ligaments which allows for some movement. An example is the Radioulnar syndesmosis.

Question 33

Describe Gomphoses.

Answer 33

Gomphoses are a specialized fibrous joint consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous C.T. The only example in humans are the joints between the teeth and the sockets.

Question 34

Describe Synchondrosis.

Answer 34

Synchrondrosis consists of two bones joined by Hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs. Examples are epiphyseal plates, and sternocostal synchondrosis.

Question 35

Describe Symphyses.

Answer 35

A Symphyses is a kind of cartilaginous joint consisting of fibrocartilage uniting two bones. Examples include the manubriosternal & xiphisternal Symphyses, the pubic Symphyses and the intervertebral disks.

Question 36

Assume a sharp object penetrates a Synovial joint. What is the order in which the accompanying structures would likely be penetrated?

Answer 36

Skin, tendon/muscle, ligament, Fibrous capsule, Synovial membrane, then articular cartilage.

Question 37

Define Hemarthrosis

Answer 37

Acute accumulation of blood in joint.

Question 38

Define Chondromalacia.

Answer 38

Softening of cartilage due to abnormal movement of the patella or to accumulation of fluid in fat pad posterior to patella.

Question 39

Osteoarthritis is a joint disorder as a result of –

Answer 39

Wear and tear.

Question 40

Rheumatoid arthritis is a joint disorder caused by–

Answer 40

Transient infection or autoimmune disease.

Question 41

In a joint replacement a –

Answer 41

Prosthetic joint is used to eliminate pain, usually due to arthritis.

Question 42

The general properties of muscle are:

Answer 42

Contractility, ability of a muscle to shorten with force, excitability, capacity of muscle to respond to a stimuli (from our nerves), extensibility, muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond a limited degree, and elasticity, ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched.

Question 43

Describe Skeletal muscles.

Answer 43

Composed of muscle cells (fibers), C.T, blood vessels and nerves. Fibers are long, cylindrical and multinucleated, and develop from myoblasts.

Question 44

Layers of C.T covering of muscles include:

Answer 44

The Epimysium, C.T that surrounds a whole muscle, Perimysium, Dernser C.T that surrounds a group of muscle fibers called Fasciculus, and Endomysium, loose C.T with reticular fibers.

Question 45

Describe Muscular Fascia, C.T sheet.

Answer 45

External to Epimysium, Muscular fascia holds muscles together and separates them into functional groups.

Question 46

I bands

Answer 46

From Z disks to ends of thick filaments.

Question 47

A bands

Answer 47

Length of thick filaments.

Question 48

H zone

Answer 48

Region where myofibrils do not overlap.

Question 49

M line

Answer 49

Middle of H zone. Delicate filaments hold myosin in place.