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A&P I > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

factor being regulated during homeostasis

A

variable

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2
Q

a change, any change, in the variable caused by a stressor such as heat, cold, high BP, lack of O2 in homeostasis

A

stimulus

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3
Q

a sensor that monitors the environment and detects a change in the variable

A

receptor

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4
Q

determines the level or range of the variable during homeostasis

A

control center

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5
Q

carries out the response to the stimulus

A

effector

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6
Q

afferent pathway (toward) the control center

A

receptor

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7
Q

efferent pathway (away) from the control center

A

effector

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8
Q

feedback mechanism in which a change is caused that decreases (shuts off) the initial stimulus

A

negative feedback loop

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9
Q

a feedback mechanism in which any change in environment is accelerated

A

positive feedback loop

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10
Q

glucose, the most important ______, can have the same chemical formula as others but different structures

A

monosaccharide

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11
Q

sweet, table sugar

A

disaccharides

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12
Q

cellulose, structural plant component that can’t digest and starches that can digest

A

polysaccharides

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13
Q

Name the different types of lipids:

A

Fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids

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14
Q

Kind of a base for other lipid types, hear about-unsaturated, mono-, poly-, omega-3 are healthy fats that may contribute to lower incidences of heart disease in some cases even with large amounts of other fats in the diet

A

fatty acids

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15
Q

derived from arachidonic acid, must take in because can’t make, a type of prostaglandin that causes sensation of pain when injured and are released to trigger labour contractions

A

eicosanoids

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16
Q

fatty acids + glycerol, chains of fatty acids–mono-, di-, tri-

A

glycerides, ex: peanut, corn, olive oil

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17
Q

flat hydrocarbon ring, cholesterol belongs here (can be taken in by the body), involved in hormones, make bile salts

A

steroids

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18
Q

P containing group, made primarily of lipids

A

phospholipids and glycolipids

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19
Q

cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are:

A

structural lipids

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20
Q

thin, flat, irregular edge

A

squamous

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21
Q

List the different cell shapes:

A

Squamous, polygonal, stellate, cuboidal, columnar, spheroid/ovoid, discoid, fusiform, and fibrous

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22
Q

irregularly shaped cell

A

polygonal

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23
Q

star shaped cell, multiple extensions

A

stellate

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24
Q

cube or squared cell

A

cuboidal

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25
Q

rectangle or column shaped cell

A

columnar

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26
Q

round to oval shaped cell

A

spheroid/ovoid

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27
Q

disc shaped cell

A

discoid

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28
Q

thick in middle with tapered ends cell shape

A

fusiform

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29
Q

thread-like cell shape

A

fibrous

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30
Q

List the membranous organelles:

A

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

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31
Q

List the nonmembranous organelles:

A

Ribosomes, centrioles, and microvilli/cilia

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32
Q

process of destroying organelles

A

autolysis

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33
Q

List 3 ways material get into and out of the cell:

A
  1. Diffusion/osmosis, 2. carrier-mediate transport, 3. vesicular transport
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34
Q

total solute concentration in a solution

A

osmolarity

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35
Q

solution with lower osmolarity–water will rush into cells and they will burst

A

hypotonic

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36
Q

solution with higher osmolarity–water will leave the cell to diffuse the molecules on the outside and cell will shrink

A

hypertonic

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37
Q

List 3 methods of endocytosis in vesicular transport:

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

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38
Q

List the 5 stages of mitosis:

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

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39
Q

List the 3 stages of Interphase in mitosis:

A

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase

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40
Q

conducts normal cell functions and prepares for mitosis, most of the cell’s life

A

interphase

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41
Q

first stage to prepare to divide, doubles up on organelles for two cells, if fast 8-12 hours or if it takes longer then the cell continues to function normally until mitosis occurs

A

G1 Phase

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42
Q

DNA replication stage of interphase, 6-8 hours

A

S phase

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43
Q

2-5 hours, last minute protein synthesis, into M Phase and mitosis begins

A

G2 phase

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44
Q

nucleus disappears, chromosomes coil and become visible

A

Prophase

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45
Q

chromatids move to metaphase plate in the middle of the cell

A

metaphase

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46
Q

chromatids separate and move to the ends (daughter chromosomes)

A

anaphase

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47
Q

prepare to return to interphase

A

telophase

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48
Q

division of the cytoplasm, begins in late anaphase, ends in telophase

A

cytokinesis

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49
Q

bind to each other and to extracellular materials, ex., attach the base of the epithelia to underlying basement membrane

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

50
Q

bonds adjacent cells–made of proteoglycans

A

intercellular cement

51
Q

List the 3 different cell junctions:

A

Tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

52
Q

List the 3 different types of cell junctions:

A

Belt, buttons, hemidesmosomes

53
Q

water tight, fusion of lipid layers of adjoining membranes–lipid gives functionality in water

A

tight junctions

54
Q

interlocking membrane proteins

A

gap junctions

55
Q

resist stretching and twisting, damaged cells lost in sheets, strong attachment between the cells

A

desmosomes

56
Q

formed into bands

A

belt

57
Q

discs to stabilise the cell shapes, attach to other cells

A

buttons

58
Q

1/2 button, attach to basement

A

hemidesmosomes

59
Q

List the 2 layers of basal lamina:

A

Lamina lucida and lamina densa

60
Q

secreted by adjacent layer of epithelial cells, barrier to stuff from underlying connective tissue, closer to epithelium–made by epithelial cells

A

lamina lucida

61
Q

coarse protein fibers produced by connective tissue cells

A

lamina densa

62
Q

germinative cells near the basal lamina

A

epithelial maintenance and repair

63
Q

1 layer thick of flat-shaped cells; found making up structures that do a lot of diffusion or filtration, usually slick, ex. blood vessels (capillaries)

A

simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

List the 2 types of simple squamous epithelium:

A

Endothelium and mesothelium

65
Q

special epithelium of cardiovascular (blood vessels and heart) and lymphatic systems; slick, reduce friction; capillaries are exclusively this:

A

endothelium (inner cover)

66
Q

special epithelium making up the serous membranes of the ventral cavity

A

mesothelium (middle cover)

67
Q

1 layer of square cells; for absorption and secretion in glands (in glands it forms both secretory portion and small ducts), can secrete enzymes and buffers, ex. kidney tubules, pancreas, saliva glands

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

68
Q

1 layer of column-shaped cells; diffusion and secretion function but thickness indicates a secretion function–to protect against chemical and absorb nurtients, ex. digestive and respiratory tracts

A

simple columnar epithelium

69
Q

List 2 simple columnar epithelium modifications in the digestive tract:

A

Dense microvilli and goblet cells

70
Q

looks stratified but is one layer of cells of different lengths; lines most of the respiratory tract (nasal cavity), male reproductive tract- functions to secrete a lot of mucus

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

71
Q

most common stratified type; found on any surface subject to wear and tear, ex. skin, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina; some are non-keratinised so must keep moist-can have keratin for extra protection and retain moisture

A

stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q

rare, columnar: male urethra, pharynx, epiglottis — cuboidal - sweat, mammary glands

A

stratified columnar and cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

important for its characteristic ability to stretch; apical cells change shape according to amount of stretch; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar but when stretched looks like squamous, ex. bladder, ureters, parts of urethra

A

transitional epithelium

74
Q

a special case of cuboidal, specialised for secretion

A

glandular epithelium

75
Q

an organ that produces and secretes a product which is aqueous + protein or some release lipid or steroid; rich secretion; rough ER of glandular cells produce special protein MUCIN, send it to the Golgi Apparatus, shipped out of the cell through exocytosis in secretory vesicles

A

glands

76
Q

Glands are classified according to:

A

Site of product release and relative number of cells forming the gland

77
Q

to epithelial surface inside or outside the body by way of a duct; secretion

A

exocrine

78
Q

secreted into extracellular spaces

A

endocrine

79
Q

List the different types of exocrine glands:

A

Mucus, sweat (sudoriferous glands), sebaceous (oil glands), ceruminous glands, salivary glands, digestive enzymes

80
Q

List the 2 different types of exocrine structures:

A

unicellular and multicellular

81
Q

List the different modes of glandular secretion:

A

Merocrine glands, holocrine glands, and apocrine glands

82
Q

secrete products by exocytosis as they are produced; secretory cells are NOT altered, ex. pancreas, most sweat glands, salivary glands

A

merocrine glands

83
Q

accumulate their products within them until they rupture; replaced by underlying cells, ex. sebaceous glands

A

holocrine glands

84
Q

loss of cytoplasm and secretory product, ex. mammary glands (modified sweat glands)

A

apocrine glands

85
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers:

A

collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

86
Q

List the 2 forms of connective tissue cells:

A

Active form and dormant form

87
Q

secretes the matrix and divides to make more cells, actively mitotic, undifferentiated

A

active form

88
Q

after cells surround themselves with matrix, they turn off, maintain the health of the matrix

A

dormant form

89
Q

cartilage

A

chondro

90
Q

bone

A

osteo

91
Q

blood

A

hemo

92
Q

fat

A

adipo

93
Q

connective tissue proper

A

fibro

94
Q

List the 3 categories of connective tissue proper:

A

Embryonic, loose, and dense

95
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic tissue

96
Q

fill spaces between organs, cushion and stabilise special cells in organs and support epithelia

A

loose connective tissue

97
Q

List the 3 different types of loose connective tissue:

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

98
Q

List the 2 types of dense connective tissue:

A

dense regular and dense irregular

99
Q

List the different types of connective tissue:

A

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue

100
Q

flexible, tensile strength where tension is exerted in one direction–makes up ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses-structures that connect one things to another

A

dense regular

101
Q

Same structural elements, but collagen fibers are not parallel, can withstand force in many directions. Found in joint capsules, dermis of the skin and fibrous coverings of some organs (kidneys, nerves, muscles, bones)

A

dense irregular

102
Q

List 2 types of fluid connective tissue:

A

blood tissue and lymph tissue

103
Q

List the type of supporting connective tissue:

A

cartilage

104
Q

List the 2 types of cartilage growth not normal in adults:

A

interstitial growth and appositional growth

105
Q

within the tissue – initial phase of cartilage formation when chondroblasts divide, secrete matrix, get trapped in the lacuna and go dormant

A

interstitial growth

106
Q

along the sides – only repair type in adults, allows outward growth along the edges, perichondrium contains chondroblasts

A

appositional growth

107
Q

List the 3 types of cartilage:

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

108
Q

most abundant cartilage, lots of collagen, firm support and some flexibility, found between bones and joints (articular covering long bones) and forms structures such as nose, baby skeleton, larynx, part of the respiratory tract - called gristle

A

hyaline

109
Q

similar to hyaline but with more elastin, higher tolerance for bending and stretching, found in the earlobes and epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

110
Q

found where there is need for strength against wear and tear, strong support, compressible and resists tension, withstands pressure, rows of chondrocytes alternate with thick collagen fibers, can be grown in the lab, found between vertebra and knee joints, pubic symphysis

A

fibrocartilage

111
Q

“spokes” that bring nutrients to osteocytes

A

canaliculi

112
Q

List the 4 types of epithelial membranes:

A

Mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, and synovial membranes

113
Q

3 types of muscle tissue:

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

114
Q

List the 2 types of nervous cells:

A

neurons and neuroglia

115
Q

List the 2 major ways tissues repair:

A

regeneration and fibrosis

116
Q

proliferation of fibrous connective tissue leading to scar tissue

A

fibrosis

117
Q

Steps in tissue repair:

A
  1. inflammation, 2. regeneration
118
Q

Capacity for regeneration: epithelial, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood forming tissue

A

very well

119
Q

Capacity for regeneration: smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue

A

moderate

120
Q

Capacity for regeneration: skeletal muscle, cartilage

A

weak

121
Q

Capacity for regeneration: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord)

A

none

A&P I (6 decks)

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