Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
factor being regulated during homeostasis
A
variable
2
Q
a change, any change, in the variable caused by a stressor such as heat, cold, high BP, lack of O2 in homeostasis
A
stimulus
3
Q
a sensor that monitors the environment and detects a change in the variable
A
receptor
4
Q
determines the level or range of the variable during homeostasis
A
control center
5
Q
carries out the response to the stimulus
A
effector
6
Q
afferent pathway (toward) the control center
A
receptor
7
Q
efferent pathway (away) from the control center
A
effector
8
Q
feedback mechanism in which a change is caused that decreases (shuts off) the initial stimulus
A
negative feedback loop
9
Q
a feedback mechanism in which any change in environment is accelerated
A
positive feedback loop
10
Q
glucose, the most important ______, can have the same chemical formula as others but different structures
A
monosaccharide
11
Q
sweet, table sugar
A
disaccharides
12
Q
cellulose, structural plant component that can’t digest and starches that can digest
A
polysaccharides
13
Q
Name the different types of lipids:
A
Fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids
14
Q
Kind of a base for other lipid types, hear about-unsaturated, mono-, poly-, omega-3 are healthy fats that may contribute to lower incidences of heart disease in some cases even with large amounts of other fats in the diet
A
fatty acids
15
Q
derived from arachidonic acid, must take in because can’t make, a type of prostaglandin that causes sensation of pain when injured and are released to trigger labour contractions
A
eicosanoids
16
Q
fatty acids + glycerol, chains of fatty acids–mono-, di-, tri-
A
glycerides, ex: peanut, corn, olive oil
17
Q
flat hydrocarbon ring, cholesterol belongs here (can be taken in by the body), involved in hormones, make bile salts
A
steroids
18
Q
P containing group, made primarily of lipids
A
phospholipids and glycolipids
19
Q
cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are:
A
structural lipids
20
Q
thin, flat, irregular edge
A
squamous
21
Q
List the different cell shapes:
A
Squamous, polygonal, stellate, cuboidal, columnar, spheroid/ovoid, discoid, fusiform, and fibrous
22
Q
irregularly shaped cell
A
polygonal
23
Q
star shaped cell, multiple extensions
A
stellate
24
Q
cube or squared cell
A
cuboidal
25
rectangle or column shaped cell
columnar
26
round to oval shaped cell
spheroid/ovoid
27
disc shaped cell
discoid
28
thick in middle with tapered ends cell shape
fusiform
29
thread-like cell shape
fibrous
30
List the membranous organelles:
Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
31
List the nonmembranous organelles:
Ribosomes, centrioles, and microvilli/cilia
32
process of destroying organelles
autolysis
33
List 3 ways material get into and out of the cell:
1. Diffusion/osmosis, 2. carrier-mediate transport, 3. vesicular transport
34
total solute concentration in a solution
osmolarity
35
solution with lower osmolarity--water will rush into cells and they will burst
hypotonic
36
solution with higher osmolarity--water will leave the cell to diffuse the molecules on the outside and cell will shrink
hypertonic
37
List 3 methods of endocytosis in vesicular transport:
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
38
List the 5 stages of mitosis:
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
39
List the 3 stages of Interphase in mitosis:
G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase
40
conducts normal cell functions and prepares for mitosis, most of the cell's life
interphase
41
first stage to prepare to divide, doubles up on organelles for two cells, if fast 8-12 hours or if it takes longer then the cell continues to function normally until mitosis occurs
G1 Phase
42
DNA replication stage of interphase, 6-8 hours
S phase
43
2-5 hours, last minute protein synthesis, into M Phase and mitosis begins
G2 phase
44
nucleus disappears, chromosomes coil and become visible
Prophase
45
chromatids move to metaphase plate in the middle of the cell
metaphase
46
chromatids separate and move to the ends (daughter chromosomes)
anaphase
47
prepare to return to interphase
telophase
48
division of the cytoplasm, begins in late anaphase, ends in telophase
cytokinesis
49
bind to each other and to extracellular materials, ex., attach the base of the epithelia to underlying basement membrane
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
50
bonds adjacent cells--made of proteoglycans
intercellular cement
51
List the 3 different cell junctions:
Tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes
52
List the 3 different types of cell junctions:
Belt, buttons, hemidesmosomes
53
water tight, fusion of lipid layers of adjoining membranes--lipid gives functionality in water
tight junctions
54
interlocking membrane proteins
gap junctions
55
resist stretching and twisting, damaged cells lost in sheets, strong attachment between the cells
desmosomes
56
formed into bands
belt
57
discs to stabilise the cell shapes, attach to other cells
buttons
58
1/2 button, attach to basement
hemidesmosomes
59
List the 2 layers of basal lamina:
Lamina lucida and lamina densa
60
secreted by adjacent layer of epithelial cells, barrier to stuff from underlying connective tissue, closer to epithelium--made by epithelial cells
lamina lucida
61
coarse protein fibers produced by connective tissue cells
lamina densa
62
germinative cells near the basal lamina
epithelial maintenance and repair
63
1 layer thick of flat-shaped cells; found making up structures that do a lot of diffusion or filtration, usually slick, ex. blood vessels (capillaries)
simple squamous epithelium
64
List the 2 types of simple squamous epithelium:
Endothelium and mesothelium
65
special epithelium of cardiovascular (blood vessels and heart) and lymphatic systems; slick, reduce friction; capillaries are exclusively this:
endothelium (inner cover)
66
special epithelium making up the serous membranes of the ventral cavity
mesothelium (middle cover)
67
1 layer of square cells; for absorption and secretion in glands (in glands it forms both secretory portion and small ducts), can secrete enzymes and buffers, ex. kidney tubules, pancreas, saliva glands
simple cuboidal epithelium
68
1 layer of column-shaped cells; diffusion and secretion function but thickness indicates a secretion function--to protect against chemical and absorb nurtients, ex. digestive and respiratory tracts
simple columnar epithelium
69
List 2 simple columnar epithelium modifications in the digestive tract:
Dense microvilli and goblet cells
70
looks stratified but is one layer of cells of different lengths; lines most of the respiratory tract (nasal cavity), male reproductive tract- functions to secrete a lot of mucus
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
71
most common stratified type; found on any surface subject to wear and tear, ex. skin, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina; some are non-keratinised so must keep moist-can have keratin for extra protection and retain moisture
stratified squamous epithelium
72
rare, columnar: male urethra, pharynx, epiglottis --- cuboidal - sweat, mammary glands
stratified columnar and cuboidal epithelium
73
important for its characteristic ability to stretch; apical cells change shape according to amount of stretch; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar but when stretched looks like squamous, ex. bladder, ureters, parts of urethra
transitional epithelium
74
a special case of cuboidal, specialised for secretion
glandular epithelium
75
an organ that produces and secretes a product which is aqueous + protein or some release lipid or steroid; rich secretion; rough ER of glandular cells produce special protein MUCIN, send it to the Golgi Apparatus, shipped out of the cell through exocytosis in secretory vesicles
glands
76
Glands are classified according to:
Site of product release and relative number of cells forming the gland
77
to epithelial surface inside or outside the body by way of a duct; secretion
exocrine
78
secreted into extracellular spaces
endocrine
79
List the different types of exocrine glands:
Mucus, sweat (sudoriferous glands), sebaceous (oil glands), ceruminous glands, salivary glands, digestive enzymes
80
List the 2 different types of exocrine structures:
unicellular and multicellular
81
List the different modes of glandular secretion:
Merocrine glands, holocrine glands, and apocrine glands
82
secrete products by exocytosis as they are produced; secretory cells are NOT altered, ex. pancreas, most sweat glands, salivary glands
merocrine glands
83
accumulate their products within them until they rupture; replaced by underlying cells, ex. sebaceous glands
holocrine glands
84
loss of cytoplasm and secretory product, ex. mammary glands (modified sweat glands)
apocrine glands
85
3 types of connective tissue fibers:
collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
86
List the 2 forms of connective tissue cells:
Active form and dormant form
87
secretes the matrix and divides to make more cells, actively mitotic, undifferentiated
active form
88
after cells surround themselves with matrix, they turn off, maintain the health of the matrix
dormant form
89
cartilage
chondro
90
bone
osteo
91
blood
hemo
92
fat
adipo
93
connective tissue proper
fibro
94
List the 3 categories of connective tissue proper:
Embryonic, loose, and dense
95
mesenchyme
embryonic tissue
96
fill spaces between organs, cushion and stabilise special cells in organs and support epithelia
loose connective tissue
97
List the 3 different types of loose connective tissue:
areolar, adipose, reticular
98
List the 2 types of dense connective tissue:
dense regular and dense irregular
99
List the different types of connective tissue:
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue
100
flexible, tensile strength where tension is exerted in one direction--makes up ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses-structures that connect one things to another
dense regular
101
Same structural elements, but collagen fibers are not parallel, can withstand force in many directions. Found in joint capsules, dermis of the skin and fibrous coverings of some organs (kidneys, nerves, muscles, bones)
dense irregular
102
List 2 types of fluid connective tissue:
blood tissue and lymph tissue
103
List the type of supporting connective tissue:
cartilage
104
List the 2 types of cartilage growth not normal in adults:
interstitial growth and appositional growth
105
within the tissue -- initial phase of cartilage formation when chondroblasts divide, secrete matrix, get trapped in the lacuna and go dormant
interstitial growth
106
along the sides -- only repair type in adults, allows outward growth along the edges, perichondrium contains chondroblasts
appositional growth
107
List the 3 types of cartilage:
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
108
most abundant cartilage, lots of collagen, firm support and some flexibility, found between bones and joints (articular covering long bones) and forms structures such as nose, baby skeleton, larynx, part of the respiratory tract - called gristle
hyaline
109
similar to hyaline but with more elastin, higher tolerance for bending and stretching, found in the earlobes and epiglottis
elastic cartilage
110
found where there is need for strength against wear and tear, strong support, compressible and resists tension, withstands pressure, rows of chondrocytes alternate with thick collagen fibers, can be grown in the lab, found between vertebra and knee joints, pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
111
"spokes" that bring nutrients to osteocytes
canaliculi
112
List the 4 types of epithelial membranes:
Mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, and synovial membranes
113
3 types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
114
List the 2 types of nervous cells:
neurons and neuroglia
115
List the 2 major ways tissues repair:
regeneration and fibrosis
116
proliferation of fibrous connective tissue leading to scar tissue
fibrosis
117
Steps in tissue repair:
1. inflammation, 2. regeneration
118
Capacity for regeneration: epithelial, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood forming tissue
very well
119
Capacity for regeneration: smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue
moderate
120
Capacity for regeneration: skeletal muscle, cartilage
weak
121
Capacity for regeneration: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord)
none
