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Cultural Anthropology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

ethnology

A

comparison of different cultures based on the ethnographies about them

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2
Q

archaeology

A

study of prehistory (times before writing)

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3
Q

culture

A

learned and shared behaviors that can and do change with time

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4
Q

hominin

A

bipedal primates/ tribe that includes humans

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5
Q

allophone

A

variant of a phoneme

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6
Q

parallel cousins

A

children of siblings of the same sex

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7
Q

cross cousins

A

children of siblings of opposite sexes

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8
Q

sororal polygamy

A

type of polygamy where a man is married to a woman and her sisters

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9
Q

exogamy

A

marriage outside group

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10
Q

totem

A

emblem of a clan

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11
Q

participant observation

A

main method of ethnography

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12
Q

ethnography

A

written description of a culture and work required to get data to write monograph

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13
Q

ethnohistory

A

refers to old writings about cultures??? Or study of the past of people who don’t have writing systems or histories of their own?

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14
Q

artifacts

A

things people make

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15
Q

sites

A

places where people made things

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16
Q

hominid

A

human family; includes humans, fossil humans, and our ape relatives

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17
Q

primates

A

order that includes humans

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18
Q

4 types of anthropology

A

1) Biological (physical) anthropology

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19
Q

cultural anthropology

A

study of contemporary peoples and their culture

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20
Q

holism

A

what anthropology aspires to be; trying to understand the human species in its entirety

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21
Q

classics

A

anthropology dealing with Egypt, Greece, etc

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22
Q

Biological anthropology

A

study of evolution and how humans are related to other primates; how primates relate to human behaviors

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23
Q

Homo sapiens

A

member of hominin tribe (us + our ancestors going back 4 MYA)

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24
Q

bipedalism

A

walking on 2 legs

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25
Q

Ardipithecus

A

first hominin discovered, was bipedal and had prehensile hands and feet, lived in trees

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26
Q

prehensile

A

able to grasp things

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27
Q

spinal cord in center of skull

A

identifying mark of bipedalism

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28
Q

spinal cord toward back of skull

A

indicates not having bipedalism

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29
Q

Australopithecus

A

bipedal primate found in Laetoli, had larger brains, lived on African savannah

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30
Q

Laetoli

A

volcanic valley in Africa where Australopithecus was found

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31
Q

Homo habilis

A

first genus to be found with tools, had larger brains than Australopithecus, only lived in Africa

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32
Q

Homo erectus

A

first hominin to leave Africa, double the brain size of Australopithecus, used fire to cook and hunt, like had spears, likely had sophisticated level of communication

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33
Q

characteristics of primates

A

1) large brains relative to body size

34
Q

theory of self

A

concept of knowing oneself; ability to recognize oneself in a mirror

35
Q

theory of mind

A

understanding others know different things than you know and that others can have different thoughts than yours; ex: ability to point to something and have someone know to look where you are pointing

36
Q

primate culture examples

A

grooming type varies by region and tool use varies by region

37
Q

human taxonomy

A

Class: Mammals

38
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

study of languages that are lesser-known or disappearing

39
Q

phoneme

A

contrasting sound

40
Q

bilabial

A

you have to close your lips to say it (p and b)

41
Q

minimal pair

A

two words that vary only by one sound (pit and bit)

42
Q

society

A

groups of people that share a common culture

43
Q

cultural relativism

A

premise that all cultures are equally good and morally right

44
Q

ethnocentrism

A

belief that one’s own culture is superior to others

45
Q

diffusion

A

cultural borrowing; can indicate how culture changes

46
Q

archaeology

A

study of the past and includes all humans of all times in the past; studies artifacts at sites

47
Q

simple hunter gatherers

A

tend to build simple huts, can live in extreme environments (such as Saami, inuit), lower population density, immediate return on food, no surplus

48
Q

complex hunter gatherers

A

uncommon, not mobile, do not have agriculture, but do intensify use of resources around them, live in more dense sedentary settlements, produce surplus

49
Q

Pleistocene

A

ice ages, 2 MYA-10 KYA

50
Q

Holocene

A

10 KYA - Present

51
Q

epoch

A

eras such as Pleistocene and Holocene

52
Q

5 places agriculture rose

A

Mesopotamia, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Pero, China

53
Q

benefit of agriculture

A

allowed people to grow more food than population required (surplus) which allowed human population to rapidly grow

54
Q

band

A

collection of households

55
Q

urbanization

A

congregation in cities

56
Q

intensification

A

manipulation of areas of land tog et maximum permanent use out of it (terracing, irrigation, etc)

57
Q

sedentism

A

living in one place continuously

58
Q

tribe

A

people who speak the same language and have the same heritage and ideas

59
Q

matrilineal

A

descended through females

60
Q

clan

A

describes married persons of the same sex living together

61
Q

levirate

A

when a brother has a claim to his dead brother’s wives

62
Q

benefit of Tiwi diet and exercise levels

A

gave them strength, endurance, and speed

63
Q

acephalous society

A

society with no leader or head

64
Q

reciprocity

A

giving something and expecting something back in return

65
Q

cultural universals

A

1) Humans depend on each other in groups

66
Q

taboo

A

banned behaviors

67
Q

incest taboo

A

arguable defines us as humans, the ban on people having sex with their siblings

68
Q

reciprocal economy

A

people tend to not explicitly calculate value of gifts

69
Q

productivity (language)

A

possibility of having infinity new utterances

70
Q

displacement (language)

A

ability to reference past or future, or places where you are not currently

71
Q

morphemes

A

strings of phonemes; units of limited individual meaning

72
Q

characteristics of language

A

1) productivity

73
Q

religion

A

organized belief in phenomenon that cannot be demonstrated scientifically or empirically, involves concept of supernatural and things not evident to senses

74
Q

tautology

A

saying the same things right after another (circular logic)

75
Q

art

A

tends to be associated with earliest evidence of religion

76
Q

ascribed status

A

status that is inherited and cannot be changed (how we are related to our relatives)

77
Q

achieved status

A

status that you can change (poor–>rich)

78
Q

affines

A

relatives by marriage (in-laws)

79
Q

rite of initiation

A

when a youth is put through an ordeal in which he/she is isolated from society and goes through a transition

80
Q

properties of rites of initiation

A

separation, transition, reincorporation

81
Q

birth rights

A

children are named after it is known they will live past infancy

82
Q

teknonymy

A

parents are renamed once their children are named

Cultural Anthropology (4 decks)

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