Test 1 Flashcards
In 1905, (along with his partner Theodore Simon) who started applying some of the new intelligence testing tools of that time to the assessment of Parisian schoolchildren who were not performing as well as expected?
Alfred Binet
Who’s motto was “wherever you can, count!” and also thought that male pattern baldness was due to furnace-like brain activity that singed off the hair?
Francis Galton
A midterm exam in a history class would be an example of an _______ test.
Achievement
_________________ assess one’s level of skill or competence in a wide variety of areas.
intelligence tests
________ are viewed as measures of ability.
intelligence tests
List the 5 main purposes of testing
Selection, placement, diagnosis, hypothesis testing, classification
What test would evaluate a persons level of interest in the culinary arts or the health care professions?
vocational or career
Some People Don’t Hate The Clown! is an acronym for
selection, placement, diagnosis, hypothesis testing and classification, the 5 main purposes of testing
A psychological test is an
objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior.
The Weschler Intelligence Scale for children is what type of test?
Ability or Intelligence
tests only measure ____
behavior (or characteristics that pertain to behavior)
psychology tests or writing for a part of the ACT are both examples of an _______ test.
achievement
The 3 types of personality tests are
structured, self-report, and projective – ambiguous test stimuli.
for career placement, tests specific skill sets.
Aptitude tests
test is consistent; results are
repeatable
Reliability
test measures what it says it is
measuring
Validity
Which is more important reliability or
validity?
Both are necessary but a test can be reliable but not valid.
Can you think of an example of a test that would be reliable but not valid
If a scale adds five pounds of weight to a scale every time you step on it, it is reliable, but not valid.
noted that persons with mental
retardation also tend to have diminished ability to discriminate among heat, cold & pain.
pioneered rating scales & questionnaires first to document individuality of fingerprints studied efficacy of prayer first to apply statistics in the measurement of
humans
Francis Galton
coined the term, “mental test”.
◦One of his theories was that ones intelligence could be measured with some physiological skills, such as reaction time, grip strength.
◦Ultimately found that these failed to correlate with intelligence, or even with each other but had profound influence on psychologists that followed him in the field.
James Cattel
– possibly the first self-report personality inventory.created for Army recruits in WWII who were susceptible to emotional problem
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
anything that can take on more than one value, can be measured, controlled or manipulated.
variable
assignment of labels to a variable or outcome according to a set of rules
measurement
what are the 4 types of measurement
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
variables are labels, assigns numbers to observations to quantify or classify. Always qualitative (differences in quality rather that quantity. Often demographics. Always mutually exclusive (cant be both male or female)
nominal
variables imply intensity or severity. Assigns numbers in a sequence, from lesser to greater; explains how variables can be ordered along some type of continuum; have rank. (football top 20, letter grades, iq scores)
ordinal
assigns numbers to observations that reflect a constant unit length between units of measurement; assigns a value to an outcome that is based on some underlying continuum and has equal intervals. (temperature scales) (has to be exactly the same from point a to b)
interval
assigns numbers to observations to reflect quantity with reference to an absolute zero; rarely seen bc its hard to have an absence of something. (height, weight, speed of travel, yards gained by a running back)
ratio
what type of measurement is time?
interval
what type of measurement is a usda sticker placed on a cut of meat?
ordinal
what type of measurement is a political party measurement?
nominal
what type of measurement is percentage scores on an exam?
ratio
variables that represent an attribute and can be assigned to a unique category (political affiliation, class standing)
qualitative data
variable whose values are determined by counting or numerical measurements (number of children in family, body weight)
quantitative
Psychological tests:
A) pertain only to observable behavior
B) measure characteristics of human behavior
C) always have right or wrong answers
B) measure characteristics of human behavior
The Army Beta was: A) the first group test of verbal intelligence B) a group test of personality C) a test of nonverbal intelligence D) a secret weapon that ended in WW1
C) a test of nonverbal intelligence
An aptitude scale, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Scale (SAT) used for college admissions, is most likely used to measure:
A) potential for learning or future performance
B) level of knowledge in a particular domain
C) previous learning in a specific area or domain
A) potential for learning or future performance
The first intelligence test was developed for the purpose of:
A) identifying gifted children
B) finding the most suitable candidates for the U.S. Army
C) identifying intellectually subnormal individuals
C) identifying intellectually subnormal individuals
The Strong Interest Inventory which assesses an individual's interests classifies those interests as they relate to particular jobs is what type of test? A) vocational or career tests B) intelligence tests C) aptitude tests D) leisure pursuit tests
A) vocational or career tests
One of the turning points in psychology was the development of the first intelligence test in 1905 by: A) Francis Galton B) Alfred Binet C) Stanley Kaplan D) Robert Yerkes
B) Alfred Binet
In psychological testing, the term “reliability” can best be described as:
A) measuring what the test is supposed to measure
B) the ability of the test to classify individuals into groups
C) the ability of the test to be repeated with similar results
C) the ability of the test to be repeated with similar results
To our knowledge, the first test batteries were administered:
A) to public officials in China over 4000 years ago
B) by king Authur to his round table knights
C) by Alfred Binet with his famous Stanford-Binet test
D) by census takers in Europe over 500 years ago
A) to public officials in China over 4000 years ago
The speedometer on your car is an example of what kind of scale measurement? A) nominal B) ordinal C) ratio D) interval
C) ratio
An ordinal measurement:
A) explains how variables can be ordered or ranked along a continuum
B) includes an absolute zero corresponding to the absence of the trait or characteristic being measured.
C) Has equal intervals
D) measures mutually exclusive categories
A) Explains how variables can be ordered or ranked along a continuum
In order to establish norms, a large group of people is being given a test under the same conditions in which the test will actually be used. This group is called a(n) ________ group.
A) standardization
B) random
C) experimental
A) standardization
To “prove” evolution, he had to “measure” it, by collecting data! Psychometric Data
Charles Darwin
1880’s (Darwin’s cousin)
Father of “psychometry”
Differential Psychology – Survival of the Fittest – differences (rather than similarities)
Measured head circumference – 1st attempt to measure intelligence
Measured everything!
also noted that persons with mental retardation also tend to have diminished ability to discriminate among heat, cold & pain.
pioneered rating scales & questionnaires
first to document individuality of fingerprints
studied efficacy of prayer
first to apply statistics in the measurement of humans
Sir Francis Galton
1905 – Alfred ___and Theodore ____ developed the_________.
30 items increasing in difficulty was designed to identify intellectually subnormal individuals.
Binet-Simon Scale
IQ scores = mental age/chronological age x 100.
Stanford-Binet IQ formula
who developed the Army Alpha and Beta Tests?
Robert Yerkes
During WWI, which psychologist from Harvard convinced government and the Army that 1.75 million recruits should be tested to classify and assign them.
Problem – relies on a skilled administrator and is administered individually!
Robert Yerkes
for literates; Oral Directions; Arithmetic; Practical Judgment; Analogies; Disarranged Sentences; Number Series; Information
Alpha test
for illiterates and non-English speakers Beta subtests: Memory; Matching; Picture Completion; Geometric Construction
Led to the development of group tests for college admissions, aptitude tests, scholastic achievement, etc.
Beta test
coined the term, “mental test”.
One of his theories was that ones intelligence could be measured with some physiological skills, such as reaction time, grip strength.
Ultimately found that these failed to correlate with intelligence, or even with each other but had profound influence on psychologists that followed him in the field.
James Cattell
Tests are used to make comparisons to people typically, so those who take the tests should do so ______________.
under nearly identical conditions
– group to compare against; scores are meaningless without comparison group
normative group
What are the types of tests?
Achievement, Aptitude, Personality, Intelligence, and vocational or career tests
_____tests previous learning in a specific area or domain.
EX – Psychology Tests
Writing portion of the ACT
Achievement
________ tests asses an individual’s unique and stable set of characteristics, traits, or attitudes or behavior
Structured
Self-report
projective – ambiguous test stimuli
Personality
_____ tests show Potential for learning or future performance.
EX – for career placement, tests specific skill sets.
Can be confusing distinguishing from achievement – main difference is that results are used for different things.
Aptitude
_______ tests Measures skill or competence in a wide variety of areas.
Difficult to define! Much debate.
WAIS-III, WISC-IV
Woodcock-Johnson
intelligence
What type of test was the Woolworth Personal Data Sheet?
personality
What type of test is the SAT?
Aptitude
What type of test is the MMPI?
personality test
What type of test is the Weschler Scales?
Intelligence test
What type of test is the Rorschach Inkblot?
personality test
What kind of test is the strong interest inventory?
Career test
reflect on the idea that: “our understanding of behavior is only as good as the tools we use to measure it.”
There are all kinds of ways that we try to measure outcomes, and sometimes we use the very best instruments available—and at other times, we may just use what’s easiest and convenient. The most accurate results takes more time, work, and money, but it gives us more reliable and valid results. If we compromise on the tests, our results will also be compromised.
