Chapter 14 Flashcards
_____ refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
personality
_____ are coherent traits and action patterns that arise repeatedly.
Stable patterns
The fact that people are different from one another means that they are ________.
distinctive
What is the purpose of a personality test?
To understand personality as well as measure it.
Clear and unambiguous questions, stimuli, or techniques for measuring personality traits.
Objective
Ambiguous or unclear stimuli which the test taker is asked to interpret or impose meaning.
Projective
What are the two types of personality tests?
objective and projective
The Rorschach test, TAT, House-Tree-Person and sentence completion are examples of ______ testing.
projective
The MMPI-2, Beck Depression Inventory, and Myers-Briggs are examples of _____ testing.
Objective
Personal interpretations of ambiguous stimuli must necessarily reflect the unconscious needs, motives, and conflicts of the examinee.
Projective hypothesis
What is the challenge of projective hypothesis?
deciphering
The _________ states that projective measures do not meet same criteria for psychometric sturdiness, yet they continue to enjoy widespread use.
Projective paradox
______ of the top 15 used tests are projective.
5
The _______ is one of the leading models of interest for understanding psychopathology on a continuum from normal to abnormal.
Five factor model
What does ocean stand for?
the five factor model: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. Planned rather than spontaneous behavior.
conscientiousness
a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability. Sometimes called emotional instability.
neuroticism
appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, imagination, curiosity, unusual ideas, and variety of experience.
openness
energy, positive emotions, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others.
extraversion
a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative, rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.
agreeableness
Made in 1939 by Hathaway and McKinley, Restandardization in 1989, 567 items, true of false format, for adults 18 and over, but there is an adolescent version- describes what test?
Minnesota-Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2 (MMPR-2)
The L scale on the MMPI-2 does what?
It is elevated when people are lying, trying to present themselves in the most positive light. (defects fake good)
The F scale on the MMPI-2 does what?
Is elevated when people are lying trying to fake bad things. (detects fake bad).
The K scale on the MMPI-2 does what?
Generally supports L, F, by indicating level of defensiveness
TRIN (true response inconsistency) scale on the MMPI-2 does what?
Detects all true/false profiles. (someone wrote all true)
The VRIN (Variable Responce Inconsistency) scale on the MMPI-2 does what?
Detects inconsistencies throughout test (where people just sat and bubbled in without reading carefully)
concern with bodily symptoms
hypochondriasis
awareness of problems and vulnerabilities
hysteria
stereotypical masculine or feminine interests/behaviors
masculinity/femininity
worry, anxiety, tension, doubts, obsessiveness
psychastenia
level of excitability
mania
depressive symptoms
depression
conflict, struggle, anger, respect for society’s rules
psychopathic deviate
level of trust, suspiciousness, sensitivity
paranoia
odd thinking and social alienation
schizophrenia
This scale was developed later than the other nine scales as is designed to assess a person’s tendency to withdraw from social contacts and responsibilities.
social introversion
Why would you use an objective test over a projective test?
Objective tests measure an individual’s characteristics in a way that is independent of rater bias or the individual’s own beliefs. You might use this test when you want to compare the responses to a universal standard.
Why would you use a projective test over a objective test?
Projective tests may be better in seeking to expose the unconscious perceptions of people. They are designed to help reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts, such as the Rorsach inkblot test.
What type of test is the Rorsach, and what is its basic use?
Projective, asks patient to describe inkblots to examine their personality characteristics.
What type of test is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT_ and what is its basic use?
Projective, intended to evaluate the patients patterns of thought, attutudes, observational capacity, and emotion when the patient makes up a story about a picture they are shown. A persons responses reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.
What type of test is the House-Tree-Person test and what is its basic use?
Projective, A person draws a picture of a house, tree and person, and they way they draw is suppose to indicate their personality characteristics and mental state.
What type of test is the Sentence Completion Forms, and what is its basic use?
Projective, by completing the sentences, it provides indications of attitude, motivations, or mental states.
What type of test is the MMPI-II and what is its basic use?
Objective. The MMPI-II measures adult psychopathy. It is used in mental health, medical, and employment settings.
What type of test is the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and what is its basic use?
Objective, it reveals potential and confirms suitability. It also helps identify developmental needs.
What type of test is the NEO, and what is its basic use?
Objective, it is a comprehensive measure of the 5 major domains of personality.
What type of test is the Myers Briggs and what is its basic use?
Objective, it classifies people into personality types and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of people.
List the 5 domains of the NEO
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
Why is personality so hard to assess?
There are many different types of personalities that people could have and there are over 100 different types of tests…
Just like intelligence tests, tests are available to assess personality. However, it is more difficult to assess personality than intelligence, because intelligence is an ability. It is not possible to score higher than your ability lets you. In measuring personality. Also, people can fake personality tests easily, and it is easy for them to pretend they are a certain way.
During the development of the MMPI, the items were reviewed and they settled on _______ statements which were then reduced to ______ after all similar types of questions and such were eliminated.
1000, 504
The normal group that was selected for the MMPI were ______.
undergrads at the University of Minnesota
The MMPI was invented where?
The University of Minnesota
The clinical group selected for the MMPI consisted of ________________.
patients in the psychiatric clinic at the University of Minnesota hospital.
The MMPI has _____ scales.
10
During the development of the MPI, the authors generated and collected items from a variety of different sources, including ___________.
their own case studies, books, journals, and anything else they thought could work.
describe the development of the MMPI
1) the authors generated items from variety of sources
2) settled on 1000 statements which were reduced to 504 after similar ones were eliminated
3) criterion groups were selected (normal and clinical)
4) all of the 504 items were given to all participants
5) items that discriminated best were kept
6) those items were used to create the test
7) the final scales were created (the 10 scales)
a technique for looking at relationships between variables and helping to identify which of those variables relate to one another is called ______
factor analysis.
In a factor analysis, if some variables relate to each other more than to other variables in the set, we might call this group of variables a _____.
factor
variables 1, 3, and 6 in a set of 10 are related to one another and then measured to see what they measure (#1 measures reading comprehension, #3 measures reading fluency, #6 measures reading strategies) so we might collectively name this ______ reading ability.
factor
List the 10 scales of the MMPI
how do happy people make pretty people so mad sometimes?
Hypochondriasis depression hysteria Psychopathic deviate masculinity/femininity paranoia psychastenia schizophrenia mania social introversion
