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Bio 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

The study and reconstruction of evolutionary relationships is ___.

A

Systematics

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1
Q

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch poring and are not present in any below it are called ___ characteristics.

A

Derived

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2
Q

Derived character states shared by clade members are called ___.

A

Synapomorphies

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3
Q

Homoplasies can result from…

A

Both convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals

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4
Q

Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits. Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals would best represent …

A

A monophyletic group

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5
Q

The table shows the distribution of traits in six extant species. A “0” indicates the ancestral condition; a “1” is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Based on this cladogram, which species could be considered the outgroup?

A

The one with the most 0s

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6
Q

Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characteristics (synapomorphies)?

A

Two together at top

6 and 1

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7
Q

Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Based on this cladogram, which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?

A

Lowest one off of the main one

4

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8
Q

The evolution of plant-conducting tubes (sieve tubes) in land plants and brown algae is an example of what?

A

Homoplasy caused by convergence

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9
Q

Character states shared by the ancestor or outgroup of a clade are called ___.

A

Symplesiomorphies

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10
Q

The oldest microfossils are off ___.

A

Prokaryotes

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11
Q

Life apparently originated on earth about how many years ago?

A

8.5 billion years ago

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12
Q

The characteristics of life include all of the following except ___.

A

Multicellularity

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13
Q

The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been estimated to be how many years old?

A

1.5 billion years old

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14
Q

Which of the following was demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment?

A

Organic molecules important to life could have been formed from a vast array of simple chemicals

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15
Q

In the taxonomic hierarchical system for grouping organisms, the next higher group to a family is ___.

A

Order

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16
Q

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by ___.

A

Endosymbiosis

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17
Q

The group that probably gave rise to chloroplasts is the ___.

A

Cyanobacteria

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18
Q

He supergroup ___ would include green algae and land plants.

A

Archaeplastids

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19
Q

True multicellularity is a major characteristic of…

A

Eukaryotes only

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20
Q

Virulent viruses multiply within infected cells and eventually..

A

Causes lysis of the host cell, releasing new viruses

21
Q

The genetic alteration of a cell’s genome by the introduction of foreign DNA is called ___.

A

Transformation

22
Q

The HIV virus is considered a ___ virus, because after getting integrated into the host cell chromosomes, it does not begin replicating immediately.

A

Latent

23
Q

All of the following are diseases caused by viruses except __.

A

Strep throat

24
Q

A layer of lipoprotein and glycoprotein that covers the outer surface of some veins is the ___.

A

Envelope

25
Q

Prions are…

A

Infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acid

26
Q

An example of an “emerging virus” (a virus in a new host) with a lethality rate in excess of 50% is…

A

Ebola virus

27
Q

Activation of a latent herpes virus is responsible for what?

A

Fever blisters

28
Q

All viruses are constructed of…

A

Either DNA or RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid

29
Q

Scientists have demonstrated that the cholera bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, can exist as a rather harmless form or, by phage conversion, can exist as a disease-causing, virulent form. This conversion is caused by…

A

The phage introducing a gene into the bacterium’s chromosome that codes for the cholera toxin that can cause death in humans

30
Q

Current classification of prokaryotes is based on..

A

Sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA

31
Q

Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called ___.

A

Binary fission

32
Q

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of all prokaryotes?

A

Cell walls constructed of peptidoglycan

33
Q

In which of the following characteristics, prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar?

A

Contain ribosomes

34
Q

Certain prokaryotes can withstand drying and hotter temperatures because of their ability to form ___.

A

Endospores

35
Q

All of the following are ways that prokaryotes can exchange generic material except…

A

Vertical gene transfer

36
Q

Bacteria cause all of the following human diseases except ___.

A

Malaria

37
Q

The enzymes for cellular respiration in eukaryotic organisms are located within the mitochondria. In prokaryotic organisms, these enzymes are attached to the…

A

Cell membrane

38
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases include all of the following except ___.

A

Herpes

39
Q

Prokaryotes that harvest both energy and carbon atoms from organic molecules are called ___.

A

Chemoheterotrophs

40
Q

The common characteristic of Alveolata is…

A

A layer of flattened vesicles beneath the plasma membrane

41
Q

A common characteristic of Choanoflagellida is..

A

Funnel-shaped, contractile collar

42
Q

A non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that resembles a moving mass of slime that is produced nu plasmodial slime molds is called a ___.

A

Plasmodium

43
Q

The marine multicellular protists including the larger brown algae belong to the ___.

A

Stramenopiles

44
Q

Organisms that are characterized by being unicellular, photosynthetic, and having double shells made of silica are known as ___.

A

Diatoms

45
Q

The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chaga’s disease, and leishmaniasis are caused by ___.

A

Trypanosomes

46
Q

All ___ have two very different types of nuclei within their cells, small micronuclei and larger macronuclei.

A

Ciliates

47
Q

The parasite that is responsible for causing malaria is called ___.

A

Plasmodium

48
Q

The limestone making up for the famous landmark in England, the White Cliffs of Dover, are the pore-studded shells of ___.

A

Foraminifera

49
Q

In addition to their characteristic cilia, most ciliates contain two types of ___.

A

Nuclei

Bio 2 (6 decks)

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