Test 1 Flashcards
The study and reconstruction of evolutionary relationships is ___.
Systematics
Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch poring and are not present in any below it are called ___ characteristics.
Derived
Derived character states shared by clade members are called ___.
Synapomorphies
Homoplasies can result from…
Both convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals
Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits. Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals would best represent …
A monophyletic group
The table shows the distribution of traits in six extant species. A “0” indicates the ancestral condition; a “1” is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Based on this cladogram, which species could be considered the outgroup?
The one with the most 0s
Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characteristics (synapomorphies)?
Two together at top
6 and 1
Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Based on this cladogram, which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?
Lowest one off of the main one
4
The evolution of plant-conducting tubes (sieve tubes) in land plants and brown algae is an example of what?
Homoplasy caused by convergence
Character states shared by the ancestor or outgroup of a clade are called ___.
Symplesiomorphies
The oldest microfossils are off ___.
Prokaryotes
Life apparently originated on earth about how many years ago?
8.5 billion years ago
The characteristics of life include all of the following except ___.
Multicellularity
The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been estimated to be how many years old?
1.5 billion years old
Which of the following was demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment?
Organic molecules important to life could have been formed from a vast array of simple chemicals
In the taxonomic hierarchical system for grouping organisms, the next higher group to a family is ___.
Order
Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by ___.
Endosymbiosis
The group that probably gave rise to chloroplasts is the ___.
Cyanobacteria
He supergroup ___ would include green algae and land plants.
Archaeplastids
True multicellularity is a major characteristic of…
Eukaryotes only
Virulent viruses multiply within infected cells and eventually..
Causes lysis of the host cell, releasing new viruses
The genetic alteration of a cell’s genome by the introduction of foreign DNA is called ___.
Transformation
The HIV virus is considered a ___ virus, because after getting integrated into the host cell chromosomes, it does not begin replicating immediately.
Latent
All of the following are diseases caused by viruses except __.
Strep throat
A layer of lipoprotein and glycoprotein that covers the outer surface of some veins is the ___.
Envelope
Prions are…
Infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acid
An example of an “emerging virus” (a virus in a new host) with a lethality rate in excess of 50% is…
Ebola virus
Activation of a latent herpes virus is responsible for what?
Fever blisters
All viruses are constructed of…
Either DNA or RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid
Scientists have demonstrated that the cholera bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, can exist as a rather harmless form or, by phage conversion, can exist as a disease-causing, virulent form. This conversion is caused by…
The phage introducing a gene into the bacterium’s chromosome that codes for the cholera toxin that can cause death in humans
Current classification of prokaryotes is based on..
Sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA
Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called ___.
Binary fission
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of all prokaryotes?
Cell walls constructed of peptidoglycan
In which of the following characteristics, prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar?
Contain ribosomes
Certain prokaryotes can withstand drying and hotter temperatures because of their ability to form ___.
Endospores
All of the following are ways that prokaryotes can exchange generic material except…
Vertical gene transfer
Bacteria cause all of the following human diseases except ___.
Malaria
The enzymes for cellular respiration in eukaryotic organisms are located within the mitochondria. In prokaryotic organisms, these enzymes are attached to the…
Cell membrane
Sexually transmitted diseases include all of the following except ___.
Herpes
Prokaryotes that harvest both energy and carbon atoms from organic molecules are called ___.
Chemoheterotrophs
The common characteristic of Alveolata is…
A layer of flattened vesicles beneath the plasma membrane
A common characteristic of Choanoflagellida is..
Funnel-shaped, contractile collar
A non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that resembles a moving mass of slime that is produced nu plasmodial slime molds is called a ___.
Plasmodium
The marine multicellular protists including the larger brown algae belong to the ___.
Stramenopiles
Organisms that are characterized by being unicellular, photosynthetic, and having double shells made of silica are known as ___.
Diatoms
The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chaga’s disease, and leishmaniasis are caused by ___.
Trypanosomes
All ___ have two very different types of nuclei within their cells, small micronuclei and larger macronuclei.
Ciliates
The parasite that is responsible for causing malaria is called ___.
Plasmodium
The limestone making up for the famous landmark in England, the White Cliffs of Dover, are the pore-studded shells of ___.
Foraminifera
In addition to their characteristic cilia, most ciliates contain two types of ___.
Nuclei
