Test 1

Question 1

Define Zeitgeist

Answer 1

Ghost time – the general intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times

Question 2

What is determinism?

Answer 2

Past actions and events are going to help determine future & present events

Question 3

Define mechanism

Answer 3

All processes, no matter human, animal or astronomical, had its origins in physics and chemistry (intellectual Zeitgeist); machines are the foundation to study everything

Question 4

The new psychology was the product of?

Answer 4

Ancient philosophy

Question 5

Who demonstrated that phrenology was bogus?

Answer 5

Pierre Flourens

Question 6

What did Descartes believe about ideas in the mind?

Answer 6

Mind controls the body; uni-directional (mind → body). Body is composed of physical matter (like a machine)

Question 7

What is often considered one of the great ironies about Descartes’ death?

Answer 7

Descartes body and head were separated at his death and initially buried separately

Question 8

What is the mind body problem?

Answer 8

Prevalent belief that the mental world and the material world were distinct from each other

Question 9

Differentiate James Mill from John Stuart Mill’s associationism.

Answer 9

Both utilitarian (greatest happieness of the greatest number) James Miller was John Miller’s son, James viewed learning as mechanic learning (robotic learning) and John viewed learning as mental chemistry (mind plays a role in processing ideas)

Question 10

The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the U.S. was marked by what philosophy?

Answer 10

Personalistic and Naturalistic

Question 11

A school of thought emerges whenever what happens?

Answer 11

A system of ideas, shares a theoretical orientation, and work on common problems (when they don’t agree) we do not have paradamic science

Question 12

What is Weber’s two-point discrimination threshold?

Answer 12

The amount of distance necessary, between two points that touch the skin, before subjects discern a difference between the two sensations; there is a relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensation they produce

Question 13

The greatest technological advance during the Renaissance was?

Answer 13

Printing press → the spread of literacy

Question 14

Which Greek philosopher first proposed a theory of perception, relying on “atoms” of the mind and in the environment?

Answer 14

Democritus

Question 15

Descartes’ dualism was novel in its emphasis on what?

Answer 15

Mechanism and his work on the mind-body problem; there is a distinction between mind and body and they are bi-directional (body influences mind and vice versa.)

Question 16

Why didn’t Cajal receive more attention for his work on the neuron?

Answer 16

Discovered the direction of travel of nerve impulses; he published his findings in Spanish and most of the discoveries were done in German

Question 17

How was the work and life of da Vinci consistent with the Zeitgeist of Renaissance science?

Answer 17

Mechanism – scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, and writer

Question 18

What is psychophysics?

Answer 18

Making a connection between body and mind

Question 19

Why are there so many different schools of thought in psychology?

Answer 19

We do not agree on the nature of psychology (subject matter)

Question 20

Who first proposed that nerve impulses were electrical in nature?

Answer 20

Luigi Galvani

Question 21

The view about the human soul (or mind) that holds that it originated from the same matter as any other material object, it is part of the natural world and could be studied by the methods used for the study of nature is called what?

Answer 21

Dualism

Question 22

Who developed phrenology? Who popularized it?

Answer 22

Franz Joseph Gall (the idea that the brain is specifically located), Johann Spurzheim (student) and George Combe (phrenologist)

Question 23

According to Locke, how do we acquire ideas?

Answer 23

Experience and environment on a passive mind; radical behaviorist (empiricist), argued for the Tabula Rasa (black slate), primary qualities (directly linked to physics and secondary qualities (interpretations)

Question 24

Aristotle’s theory of memory was based on what?

Answer 24

Experience; people remember by using similarity, contrast, and contiguity (association)

Question 25

How is the study of history different from scientific study?

Answer 25

Methods, philosophy doesn’t have laws and can’t be measured

Question 26

Who determined the speed of the electrical impulse in a neuron?

Answer 26

Herman von Helmholtz

Question 27

The primary importance of the ancient philosophers to the history of psychology is that their ideas were?

Answer 27

Identified ideas that find expression in ideas in psychology

Question 28

The example of the Chaldeans (Babylonians) was notable because they?

Answer 28

Roots in natural science (eclipses of the sun = supernaturalism to naturalism)

Question 29

Who is the first to suggest a heliocentric view of the universe?

Answer 29

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 30

Why did psychology begin in Germany?

Answer 30

The unification of universities of Germany, which gives students and teachers the ability to transfer, good economy, and political equality (1879 – first lab for psychology); which gave them the ability to label anything that is studied with the scientific method, the title science

Question 31

What is a paradigm?

Answer 31

The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on, shared by members of a given community (agreement on ideas and methods)

Question 32

Who described psychology as having a long past but a short history?

Answer 32

Ebbinghaus

Question 33

The first person to use a microtome to prepare sections of tissue for study was?

Answer 33

Golgi

Question 34

In the 19th century, the British and French defined science as including which?

Answer 34

Chemistry and physics

Question 35

Describe Berkeley’s view of perception.

Answer 35

Convergence of the eyes as a cue of distance, the further away something is the further your eyes are apart and vice versa. Also purposed that things continue (tree falling and no one hearing) because they are perceived by the infinite eye of God.

Question 36

What is reductionism?

Answer 36

Explain a complex idea into individual levels

Question 37

a key factor in the development of an academic structure within Germany that supported a new science was?

Answer 37

The unification of universities of Germany gave staff and students the ability to travel between schools and have a broader idea of science.

Question 38

Who developed a method of staining cells but took the reticularist perspective?

Answer 38

Helmholtz

Question 39

One of the disadvantages of St. Aquinas’s attempt to reconcile Plato’s thinking with Christian beliefs was?

Answer 39

Reason can support faith but once you incorporated church dogma it is not possible to challenge without claims of heresy (death)

Question 40

Who is Evangelista Purkinje?

Answer 40

First person to use a microtome to prepare thin sections of nervous tissue for examination under the microscope; Purkinje Cell; as light intensity decreases red objects will fade to blue

Question 41

What do all imperialists all have in common?

Answer 41

The belief that people learn from experiences

Question 42

The first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence was what?

Answer 42

Using a machine to do basic math, using a machine to replicate human process