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MDL 216 Blood Bank > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the ABO system?

A

Karl Landsteiner 1901

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2
Q

Preservatives in Blood Bank

A

ACD and CPD

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3
Q

First Blook Bank

A

1941 WW1 (ARC)

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4
Q

Component Therapy

A

better than whole blood

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5
Q

What is involved in the donation procedure today?

A

Educational info
Donor Health History
Physical Exam

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6
Q

Tests of donor blood

A 
HIV
Hep B?C
HTLV-I/II
Syphilis 
West Nile
Chagas
Bacterial Testing of Platelets
ABO-Rh
AB screen
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7
Q

Standard Precautions

A

treat all blood/body fluids as potentially infectious

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8
Q

Life span of Hep

A

7 days at room temperature

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9
Q

Life span of HIV

A

dies once leaves body temp

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10
Q

OPIMs

A

Fluids (amniotic, pleural, peritoneal, CSF, pericardial, synovial)
semen, vaginal secretions, pus

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11
Q

Non-infectious fluids (if not bloody)

A 
nasal secretions
sputum
sweat
urine
saliva
stool
tears
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12
Q

Routes of exposure

A

percutaneous
skin
mucous membrane
aerosol

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13
Q

Decontamination of surfaces/spills

A

1:10 bleach or dispatch

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14
Q

Genetics

A

study of inheritance or transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

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15
Q

chromosome

A

the structures within a nucleus that contain DNA, which transmit genetic information

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16
Q

gene

A

basic unit of inheritance within a chromosome

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17
Q

trait

A

a characteristic that in inherited

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18
Q

locus

A

site of a gene on a chromosome

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19
Q

allele

A

alternate forms of a gene that may be present at a single chromosome locus

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20
Q

phenotype

A

observable expression of inherited traits

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21
Q

genotype

A

actual genes inherited; often can be determined only with family studies

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22
Q

homozygous

A

inheritance of like genes at a chromosomal locus

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23
Q

heterozygous

A

inheritance of two different alleles at a given locus

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24
Q

dominant trait

A

gene product that is express to the exclusion of the expression of its allele. These traits are expressed in both homo and hetero states

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25
Q

recessive trait

A

trait that is only expressed if the gene is inherited in double dose (homozygous)

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26
Q

codominant trait

A

equal expression of two different inherited alleles. Most blood group genes produce codominant traits.

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27
Q

Crossing-over

A

exchange of genetic material during meiosis between paired chromosomes, resulting in a recombination of genetic information on these chromosomes

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28
Q

private genes

A

genes found in only a few people in a population or particular family

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29
Q

public genes

A

high-frequency genes, found in a large percentage of a population

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30
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

1865 monk described pea plants and heredity laws

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31
Q

Law of Independent Segregation

A

genes cause different traits, appear in pairs in individuals (2X), gametes have half number (1X) to segregate traits in offspring

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32
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

2 traits behave independently in inheritance

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33
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

both alleles expressed, but one stronger than the other (sickle cell carrier)

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34
Q

Codominance

A

definite product or subastance controlled by each allele can be identified (Jka+b+), type AB

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35
Q

Mitosis

A

somatic cell division

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36
Q

Meiosis

A

gamete cell division

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37
Q

X-linked dominant and recessive inheritance

A

carried on X chromosome

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38
Q

4 reasons why traits are genetic markers

A
  1. simple unequivocal pattern of inheritance
  2. classification of phenotypes by reliable techniques
  3. high frequency of common alleles at a particular locus
  4. absence of effect of environmental factors, age, interaction with other genes, or variables on expression of trait
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39
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Law

A

p2+2pq+q2=1

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40
Q

Immune

A

body’s ability to resist infection by pathogenic microorganisms

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41
Q

Immunology

A

study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign material

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42
Q

Immunologists

A

Scientists who study the ways the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat diseases

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43
Q

Host

A

invaded organism

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44
Q

antigen

A

substance capable of reacting with the product of an immune response; often used in place of immunogen, although not all antigens are immunogens

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45
Q

Antibody

A

The product of the humoral immune response. Antibody is produced in response to specific immunogenic stimulus by plasma cells, a terminal stage of B-cell proliferation

46
Q

Antigen-presentation

A

process in the body’s immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other types capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells

47
Q

Innate Immunity

A

nonspecific ability of the host to respond to injury or potential infection

48
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

ability of the immune system to specifically respond to antigentic challenge

49
Q

Immunogenicity

A

the degree to which an antigen is capable of eliciting an immune response

50
Q

Antigenic determinant/epitope

A

site that stimulates immune response

51
Q

Immunodominant group

A

portion of the epitope that binds most strongly with the antibody. The group gives the antigen its specifiity

52
Q

Allogeneic

A

Genetic dissimilarity within the same species

53
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, NK cells, antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen

54
Q

Humoral immunity

A

aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies

55
Q

Primary immune response

A

first exposure of a foreign substance to the immune system. Antibody appears in 7-14 days and is primarily of the IgM class.

56
Q

Anamnestic immune response

A

heightened level of immune response that occurs with the second exposure to an antigen. Response occurs in 24-48 hours and produces a high level of IgG.

57
Q

Affinity

A

the degree of fit between an antigen and an antibody

58
Q

Avidity

A

strength of the bond between an antigen and its respective antibody

59
Q

Specificity

A

configuration of an antibody that results in its reaction only with the unique antigenic determinant that elicited its response

60
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

proteins capable of acting as antibodies. 5 classes - G,M,A,D,E

61
Q

agglutination

A

second stage of an antigen-antibody reaction when the antigen is particulate. This follows sensitization and is the visible stage of the reaction

62
Q

Hemolysis

A

broken RBC releases Hg into the plasma

63
Q

Sensitization

A

initial stage of an antigen-antibody reaction in which the antibody attached to the antigen. Invisible reaction

64
Q

Immune

A

latin word immunis meaning exempt from charges

65
Q

Immunity

A

body’s ability to resist infection by pathogenic microorganisms

66
Q

Jenner

A

English physician 1st immunization

67
Q

Metchnikoff

A

Russion biologist 1880 - phagocytosis and cellular immunity in starfish larvae surrounding rose thorn

68
Q

Ehrilich

A

1900s - side chains - later known as antibodies

69
Q

Recognition

A

self vs. nonself - done by leukocytes

70
Q

Self

A

Same as me or like me

71
Q

Nonself

A

Not me or not like me

72
Q

Antigen

A

foreign, nonself substance that leads to an immune response

73
Q

Humoral immunity

A

immune response that leads to the production of antibody; soluble substances in fluids - antibodies

74
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

conferred by activated leukocytes known as T lymphs as well as another class of lymphs called killer cells

75
Q

cellular immunity

A

cells that do destruction (leukocytes & tissue cells)

76
Q

Innate immunity

A

nonspecific destruction, repeats against all invaders the same

77
Q

First line of defense

A 
skin & mucus membranes
sweat
tears
sneeze
cough
pH
78
Q

Second line of defense

A

phagocytes in system attack - interferon & interleukins released

79
Q

Complement system

A

Humoral component of innate response; proteins in inactive state-lyse cells by interacting with Ab, help phagocytosis through opsonization, and controls inflammation

80
Q

classic pathway

A

immune mechanisms activate Ag/Ab binding

81
Q

Alternate pathway

A

innate nonspecific reactions with polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides on tumor or bacteria activate system

82
Q

Acquired immunity

A

only in vertebrates, acquired through contact with invaders, specific to invader, Ab specificity, memory cells

83
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

process where body resistance to specific Ag happens after recognition, stimulation of lymphocytes, APCs assist

84
Q

B cells

A

function to synthesize and secrete Abs. Divide after recognition of specific Ag; forms plasma cells to produce Ab, and memory B cells - remember Ag for future exposures

85
Q

T cells

A

Function in cell mediated immunity (CMI). recognize fungal/viral infections, intracellular pathogens, foreign tissue grafts and tumors

86
Q

T helper cells

A

recognize & target Ags, secrete lymphokines, stimulate T killer cells

87
Q

T killer cells

A

destroy host cells infected by virus, don’t secrete lymphokines, eliminate tumor and foreign tissue grafts

88
Q

Primary response to foreign Ag

A

IgM Ab mainly, takes a while for response

89
Q

Secondary response to foreign Ag

A

memory cells rapidly produce Ab, higher intensity, longer duration, mainly IgG, less Ag needed to start reaction, affinity & avidity important

90
Q

Autoimmunity

A

failure to recognize or tolerate “self”

91
Q

Formation of Igs

A

B cells exposed to Ag, stimulated, mature into plasma cells, plasma cells produce Abs

92
Q

Functions of Igs

A

antigen binding, facilitates phagocytosis, neutralize toxic substances, activate & fix complement, kill microbes

93
Q

Percent of Ig:

IgA

A

13%

94
Q

Percent of Ig:

IgD

A

1%

95
Q

Percent of Ig:

IgE

A

Trace

96
Q

Percent of Ig:

IgG

A

70%

97
Q

Percent of Ig:

IgM

A

10%

98
Q

Structure of Ig

A

4 polypeptide chains, 2 light and 2 heavy linked by disulfide bones. 2 terminal regions -Cooh constant and NH2 variable region. J chain connects monomers in IgM and IgA

99
Q

Enzyme cleavage

A

papain and pepsin - helps to remove some Ab when identifying unknowns in blood bank

100
Q

Fc = constant region

A

complement fixation, monocyte binding, placental transfer IgG only

101
Q

Fg = variable region

A

antigen binding

102
Q

IgG

A 
most clinically significant
reacts at 37C
implicated in HDN and HTR
fixes complement
corsses placenta
4 subclasses
103
Q

IgA

A

found in secretions
secretory piece present in polymer formed in Epi cells
does not bind complement
severe life threatening reactions in IgA deficient persons after plasma product transfusions

104
Q

IgM

A 
J chain present in monomer
1st Ig to appear in fetal immune system
ABO Abs, Lewis, Ii, MN and P systems, 
combines with Ag for visible bonding
may mask Igg in reactions
105
Q

IgD

A

monomer only

present as membrane Ig on B cells - no action in Blood Bank

106
Q

IgE

A

shortest half life
highest catabolic rate
lowest synthesis rate
binds to Fc portion of basophils and mast cells
triggers histamine release, allergic reactions
give antihistamine following allergic reaction in blood bank

107
Q

Complement system

A

binds to bacteria in innate system
activated to attach through classic or alternate pathway in adaptive immune response. Mediates opsonization
Cascade of interaction of complement proteins leading to opsonization, immune adherance and chemotactic and anaphylatoxic activity

108
Q

Complement & blood bank

A

some Ag/Ab complexes cause attachment of complement, causing hemolysis. Ag/Ab complexes initiate complement binding which allows us to test for its presence

109
Q

red cell membrane

A

fluid mosaic model 1972 - Singer & Nicholson. Lipid bilayer where globular proteins float and move. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups

110
Q

Antigen-Antibody reactions

A

lock and key mechanism

111
Q

detection methods

A

agglutination and hemolysis using tube, slide gel and solid phse

MDL 216 Blood Bank (5 decks)

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