Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Who discovered the ABO system?
A
Karl Landsteiner 1901
2
Q
Preservatives in Blood Bank
A
ACD and CPD
3
Q
First Blook Bank
A
1941 WW1 (ARC)
4
Q
Component Therapy
A
better than whole blood
5
Q
What is involved in the donation procedure today?
A
Educational info
Donor Health History
Physical Exam
6
Q
Tests of donor blood
A
HIV Hep B?C HTLV-I/II Syphilis West Nile Chagas Bacterial Testing of Platelets ABO-Rh AB screen
7
Q
Standard Precautions
A
treat all blood/body fluids as potentially infectious
8
Q
Life span of Hep
A
7 days at room temperature
9
Q
Life span of HIV
A
dies once leaves body temp
10
Q
OPIMs
A
Fluids (amniotic, pleural, peritoneal, CSF, pericardial, synovial)
semen, vaginal secretions, pus
11
Q
Non-infectious fluids (if not bloody)
A
nasal secretions sputum sweat urine saliva stool tears
12
Q
Routes of exposure
A
percutaneous
skin
mucous membrane
aerosol
13
Q
Decontamination of surfaces/spills
A
1:10 bleach or dispatch
14
Q
Genetics
A
study of inheritance or transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
15
Q
chromosome
A
the structures within a nucleus that contain DNA, which transmit genetic information
16
Q
gene
A
basic unit of inheritance within a chromosome
17
Q
trait
A
a characteristic that in inherited
18
Q
locus
A
site of a gene on a chromosome
19
Q
allele
A
alternate forms of a gene that may be present at a single chromosome locus
20
Q
phenotype
A
observable expression of inherited traits
21
Q
genotype
A
actual genes inherited; often can be determined only with family studies
22
Q
homozygous
A
inheritance of like genes at a chromosomal locus
23
Q
heterozygous
A
inheritance of two different alleles at a given locus
24
Q
dominant trait
A
gene product that is express to the exclusion of the expression of its allele. These traits are expressed in both homo and hetero states
25
recessive trait
trait that is only expressed if the gene is inherited in double dose (homozygous)
26
codominant trait
equal expression of two different inherited alleles. Most blood group genes produce codominant traits.
27
Crossing-over
exchange of genetic material during meiosis between paired chromosomes, resulting in a recombination of genetic information on these chromosomes
28
private genes
genes found in only a few people in a population or particular family
29
public genes
high-frequency genes, found in a large percentage of a population
30
Gregor Mendel
1865 monk described pea plants and heredity laws
31
Law of Independent Segregation
genes cause different traits, appear in pairs in individuals (2X), gametes have half number (1X) to segregate traits in offspring
32
Law of Independent Assortment
2 traits behave independently in inheritance
33
Incomplete dominance
both alleles expressed, but one stronger than the other (sickle cell carrier)
34
Codominance
definite product or subastance controlled by each allele can be identified (Jka+b+), type AB
35
Mitosis
somatic cell division
36
Meiosis
gamete cell division
37
X-linked dominant and recessive inheritance
carried on X chromosome
38
4 reasons why traits are genetic markers
1. simple unequivocal pattern of inheritance
2. classification of phenotypes by reliable techniques
3. high frequency of common alleles at a particular locus
4. absence of effect of environmental factors, age, interaction with other genes, or variables on expression of trait
39
Hardy-Weinberg Law
p2+2pq+q2=1
40
Immune
body's ability to resist infection by pathogenic microorganisms
41
Immunology
study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign material
42
Immunologists
Scientists who study the ways the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat diseases
43
Host
invaded organism
44
antigen
substance capable of reacting with the product of an immune response; often used in place of immunogen, although not all antigens are immunogens
45
Antibody
The product of the humoral immune response. Antibody is produced in response to specific immunogenic stimulus by plasma cells, a terminal stage of B-cell proliferation
46
Antigen-presentation
process in the body's immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other types capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells
47
Innate Immunity
nonspecific ability of the host to respond to injury or potential infection
48
Adaptive Immunity
ability of the immune system to specifically respond to antigentic challenge
49
Immunogenicity
the degree to which an antigen is capable of eliciting an immune response
50
Antigenic determinant/epitope
site that stimulates immune response
51
Immunodominant group
portion of the epitope that binds most strongly with the antibody. The group gives the antigen its specifiity
52
Allogeneic
Genetic dissimilarity within the same species
53
Cell-mediated immunity
immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, NK cells, antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen
54
Humoral immunity
aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies
55
Primary immune response
first exposure of a foreign substance to the immune system. Antibody appears in 7-14 days and is primarily of the IgM class.
56
Anamnestic immune response
heightened level of immune response that occurs with the second exposure to an antigen. Response occurs in 24-48 hours and produces a high level of IgG.
57
Affinity
the degree of fit between an antigen and an antibody
58
Avidity
strength of the bond between an antigen and its respective antibody
59
Specificity
configuration of an antibody that results in its reaction only with the unique antigenic determinant that elicited its response
60
Immunoglobulins
proteins capable of acting as antibodies. 5 classes - G,M,A,D,E
61
agglutination
second stage of an antigen-antibody reaction when the antigen is particulate. This follows sensitization and is the visible stage of the reaction
62
Hemolysis
broken RBC releases Hg into the plasma
63
Sensitization
initial stage of an antigen-antibody reaction in which the antibody attached to the antigen. Invisible reaction
64
Immune
latin word immunis meaning exempt from charges
65
Immunity
body's ability to resist infection by pathogenic microorganisms
66
Jenner
English physician 1st immunization
67
Metchnikoff
Russion biologist 1880 - phagocytosis and cellular immunity in starfish larvae surrounding rose thorn
68
Ehrilich
1900s - side chains - later known as antibodies
69
Recognition
self vs. nonself - done by leukocytes
70
Self
Same as me or like me
71
Nonself
Not me or not like me
72
Antigen
foreign, nonself substance that leads to an immune response
73
Humoral immunity
immune response that leads to the production of antibody; soluble substances in fluids - antibodies
74
Cell-mediated immunity
conferred by activated leukocytes known as T lymphs as well as another class of lymphs called killer cells
75
cellular immunity
cells that do destruction (leukocytes & tissue cells)
76
Innate immunity
nonspecific destruction, repeats against all invaders the same
77
First line of defense
```
skin & mucus membranes
sweat
tears
sneeze
cough
pH
```
78
Second line of defense
phagocytes in system attack - interferon & interleukins released
79
Complement system
Humoral component of innate response; proteins in inactive state-lyse cells by interacting with Ab, help phagocytosis through opsonization, and controls inflammation
80
classic pathway
immune mechanisms activate Ag/Ab binding
81
Alternate pathway
innate nonspecific reactions with polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides on tumor or bacteria activate system
82
Acquired immunity
only in vertebrates, acquired through contact with invaders, specific to invader, Ab specificity, memory cells
83
Adaptive immunity
process where body resistance to specific Ag happens after recognition, stimulation of lymphocytes, APCs assist
84
B cells
function to synthesize and secrete Abs. Divide after recognition of specific Ag; forms plasma cells to produce Ab, and memory B cells - remember Ag for future exposures
85
T cells
Function in cell mediated immunity (CMI). recognize fungal/viral infections, intracellular pathogens, foreign tissue grafts and tumors
86
T helper cells
recognize & target Ags, secrete lymphokines, stimulate T killer cells
87
T killer cells
destroy host cells infected by virus, don't secrete lymphokines, eliminate tumor and foreign tissue grafts
88
Primary response to foreign Ag
IgM Ab mainly, takes a while for response
89
Secondary response to foreign Ag
memory cells rapidly produce Ab, higher intensity, longer duration, mainly IgG, less Ag needed to start reaction, affinity & avidity important
90
Autoimmunity
failure to recognize or tolerate "self"
91
Formation of Igs
B cells exposed to Ag, stimulated, mature into plasma cells, plasma cells produce Abs
92
Functions of Igs
antigen binding, facilitates phagocytosis, neutralize toxic substances, activate & fix complement, kill microbes
93
Percent of Ig:
| IgA
13%
94
Percent of Ig:
| IgD
1%
95
Percent of Ig:
| IgE
Trace
96
Percent of Ig:
| IgG
70%
97
Percent of Ig:
| IgM
10%
98
Structure of Ig
4 polypeptide chains, 2 light and 2 heavy linked by disulfide bones. 2 terminal regions -Cooh constant and NH2 variable region. J chain connects monomers in IgM and IgA
99
Enzyme cleavage
papain and pepsin - helps to remove some Ab when identifying unknowns in blood bank
100
Fc = constant region
complement fixation, monocyte binding, placental transfer IgG only
101
Fg = variable region
antigen binding
102
IgG
```
most clinically significant
reacts at 37C
implicated in HDN and HTR
fixes complement
corsses placenta
4 subclasses
```
103
IgA
found in secretions
secretory piece present in polymer formed in Epi cells
does not bind complement
severe life threatening reactions in IgA deficient persons after plasma product transfusions
104
IgM
```
J chain present in monomer
1st Ig to appear in fetal immune system
ABO Abs, Lewis, Ii, MN and P systems,
combines with Ag for visible bonding
may mask Igg in reactions
```
105
IgD
monomer only
| present as membrane Ig on B cells - no action in Blood Bank
106
IgE
shortest half life
highest catabolic rate
lowest synthesis rate
binds to Fc portion of basophils and mast cells
triggers histamine release, allergic reactions
give antihistamine following allergic reaction in blood bank
107
Complement system
binds to bacteria in innate system
activated to attach through classic or alternate pathway in adaptive immune response. Mediates opsonization
Cascade of interaction of complement proteins leading to opsonization, immune adherance and chemotactic and anaphylatoxic activity
108
Complement & blood bank
some Ag/Ab complexes cause attachment of complement, causing hemolysis. Ag/Ab complexes initiate complement binding which allows us to test for its presence
109
red cell membrane
fluid mosaic model 1972 - Singer & Nicholson. Lipid bilayer where globular proteins float and move. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups
110
Antigen-Antibody reactions
lock and key mechanism
111
detection methods
agglutination and hemolysis using tube, slide gel and solid phse
