test 1

Question 1

Q: What are the main symptoms of a fracture?

Answer 1

A: Sudden pain, impaired function, inability to bear weight, swelling, tenderness, deformity, abnormal movement, crepitus, warmth, bruising, and redness.

Question 2

Q: Why is a radiographic examination necessary in suspected fractures?

Answer 2

A: To confirm the presence and precise nature of the fracture and to differentiate it from soft tissue injuries.

Question 3

Q: What projections are typically used in X-rays for fractures?

Answer 3

A: At least two projections: Antero-posterior (AP) and lateral.

Question 4

Q: What is the primary aim of fracture treatment?

Answer 4

A: To regain and maintain normal alignment and function of the injured part in the shortest possible time.

Question 5

Q: What are the three principles of fracture management?

Answer 5

A: Reduction, immobilization, and rehabilitation.

Question 6

Q: What is closed reduction?

Answer 6

A: A procedure where bone fragments are aligned manually without surgery, often followed by immobilization with a cast.

Question 7

Q: What are the two types of traction in fracture management?

Answer 7

A: Skin traction and skeletal traction.

Question 8

Q: When is open reduction used?

Answer 8

A: For fractures requiring surgical alignment, often combined with internal fixation to maintain stability.

Question 9

Q: Name three methods of fracture immobilization.

Answer 9

A: Plaster casts, external fixators, and orthotic devices.

Question 10

Q: What is the main goal of rehabilitation after a fracture?

Answer 10

A: To preserve function during healing and restore full function once healing is complete.

Question 11

Q: What are the two categories of fracture complications?

Answer 11

A: Intrinsic complications (e.g., infection, malunion, osteonecrosis) and extrinsic complications (e.g., blood vessel damage, nerve injury, compartment syndrome).

Question 12

Q: What is osteomyelitis?

Answer 12

A: A serious bone infection often caused by bacteria or fungi, leading to swelling, necrosis, and potential abscess formation.

Question 13

Q: What causes malunion in fractures?

Answer 13

A: Improper alignment of bone fragments during healing, often seen in comminuted fractures or when the bone shifts.

Question 14

Q: What is delayed union?

Answer 14

A: A condition where a fracture takes longer than expected to heal, often due to poor blood supply, infection, or faulty immobilization.

Question 15

Q: List three risk factors for non-union.

Answer 15

A: Smoking, older age, and diabetes.

Question 16

Q: What is osteonecrosis, and which fractures are at higher risk?

Answer 16

A: Death of bone tissue due to disrupted blood flow, commonly associated with scaphoid and hip fractures.

Question 17

Q: What are the symptoms of compartment syndrome?

Answer 17

A: Severe pain, swelling, numbness, pale and cool limb, and reduced blood flow.

Question 18

Q: Why are hip and pelvis fractures associated with a high risk of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 18

A: Due to injury-induced blood clots, prolonged immobility, and slowed blood flow in veins.

Question 19

Q: What is a fat embolism, and when does it occur?

Answer 19

A: It occurs when fat from bone marrow (e.g., during femur fractures) enters the bloodstream, causing blockages in lung vessels.

Question 20

Q: How can fractures extending into joints lead to long-term complications?

Answer 20

A: They can damage cartilage, leading to osteoarthritis, joint stiffness, and instability.