Congenital & Developmental Conditions (Part 2) Flashcards
What are the six main categories of congenital limb deficiencies?
The six categories are: Failure of formation, Failure of differentiation/separation, Duplication, Gigantism, Congenital constriction band syndrome, and Other generalised skeletal abnormalities.
Describe the characteristics of Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency (PFFD).
PFFD is a rare condition affecting the proximal femur, leading to a shortened leg. It can be unilateral or bilateral and may involve acetabular malformation in severe cases.
Explain the key features of Madelung’s Deformity and its treatment.
Madelung’s Deformity presents with a dorsally dislocated ulnar head, bowed radius, and radially deviated hand. Treatment typically involves surgical intervention.
Define Cerebral Palsy and outline its main aetiological factors.
Cerebral Palsy is a non-progressive motor impairment syndrome resulting from early brain lesions or anomalies. Aetiological factors include birth trauma, asphyxia, and infection.
Differentiate between the physiological classifications of Cerebral Palsy.
Spasticity involves increased muscle tone and reflexes, ataxia is characterised by voluntary movement incoordination, and athetosis presents with involuntary, jerky movements.
List five clinical presentations associated with Cerebral Palsy.
Clinical presentations include persistent primitive reflexes, abnormal tone and movement patterns, impaired posture, sensory/perceptual impairment, epilepsy, muscle imbalance, contractures, and deformities.
Describe the mechanism of action and effects of Botulinum toxin injections in Cerebral Palsy management.
Botulinum toxin blocks nerve signals to muscles, inducing temporary paralysis. This allows for intensive stretching and potential improvement in muscle function. Effects typically last 3-4 months.
What are the primary aims of orthopaedic surgery in Cerebral Palsy treatment?
Orthopaedic surgery aims to lengthen muscles/tendons, reconstruct bones, prevent contractures, and correct deformities to enhance functionality and quality of life.
Explain the difference between Meningocele and Myelomeningocele.
Meningocele involves a fluid-filled sac protruding through a spinal opening, while Myelomeningocele includes the spinal cord in the sac, leading to more severe neurological deficits.
Outline the main orthopaedic treatment aims for managing Myelomeningocele.
Orthopaedic treatment aims to prevent/correct deformities, achieve muscle balance, and improve mobility through splinting, surgery, tendon transfers, orthoses, and mobility aids.
