Test 1 Flashcards
Secondary renal Na retention results from?
enhanced sympathetic activity, RAAS activation
CHF (from low CO)
Cirrhosis synthetic dysfunction & hypoalbuminemia
Hypervolemia/Na retention clinical presentation
Edema
effusions
rales
elevated JVP/CVP
hepatojugular reflux
S3
HTN
Low urine Na (<15mEq/L
Hypervolemia/Na retention symptoms
dypnea
abd distention
edema
Management of Hypervolemia/Na retention primary goals?
address underlying problem
limit Na intake (20-40mmol/d)
Management of Hypervolemia/Na retention
What medication should be used?
Diuretics
Proxmial tubule diuretic to use in management of Hypervolemia/Na retention?
Diamox
Loop Diuretic to use in management of Hypervolemia/Na retention?
lasix
Distal tubule diuretic to use in management of Hypervolemia/Na retention
HCTZ
Collecting duct diuretic to use in management of Hypervolemia/Na retention?
Spironolactone
Which is the most potent diuretic to use in management of Hypervolemia/Na retention?
lasix
How does spironolactone work?
competes with aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone secretion leads to hyponatremia how?
either appropriate secretion in response to low circulating volume or inappropriate d/t neuro d/o, pulmonary disease, malignancy
Hyperosmolar hyponatremia is d/t?
hyperglycemia
Hyperosmolar hyponatremia causes increased ECF resulting in?
dilution of Na content
Hyperosmolar hyponatremia
For every 100 mg/dL rise in plasma glucose Na falls by?
1.6-2.4 mEq/L
Diagnostic approach to hyponatremia
Hypertonic Hyponatremia >295 mOsm/kg
Hyperglycemia
Hypertonic fluid admin
Diagnostic approach to hyponatremia
Hypotonic hyponatremia <280 mOsm/kg first step?
Second step?
Assessment of volume status
hypovolemic
euvolemic
hypervolemic
Check urine sodium
Diagnostic approach to hyponatremia
Hypotonic hyponatremia <280 mOsm/kg
Hypovolemic: urine sodium > 20 mEq/L
Renal solute loss
Diagnostic approach to hyponatremia
Hypotonic hyponatremia <280 mOsm/kg
Hypovolemic: urine sodium </= 20 mEq/L
Extrarenal solute loss
Diagnostic approach to hyponatremia
Hypotonic hyponatremia <280 mOsm/kg
Euvolemic: urine sodium always >20 mEq/L
SIADH
Endocrinopathies (Glucocorticoid deficiency)
Potassium depletion (diuretic use)
Diagnostic approach to hyponatremia
Hypotonic hyponatremia <280 mOsm/kg
Hypervolemic: urine sodium > 20 mEq/L
Renal failure
Diagnostic approach to hyponatremia
Hypotonic hyponatremia <280 mOsm/kg
Hypervolemic: urine sodium </= 20 mEq/L
Edematous d/o’s
Heart failure
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic Syndrome
Hyponatremic Clinical presentation
Neurologic abnormalities d/t cerebral edema from shifting of H2O from ECF to ICF
Hyponatremic Clinical Presentation
neurologic abnormalities severity depends on?
magnitude & rapidity of fall
Hyponatremic Clinical Presentation
Acute: timeframe?
symptoms?
<2 days
nausea
malaise
H/A
lethargy
confusion
obtundation
Hyponatremic Clinical Presentation
Na 115 mEq/L results in?
stupor
seizures
coma
Hyponatremic Clinical Presentation
Chronic: timeframe?
symptoms?
> 3 days
minimization of increased ICF/symptoms
Management of Hyponatremia is determined by?
ECV (extracellular volume): low, normal, high
Presence of neuro symptoms
Symptomatic hyponatremia requires more rapid correction, however no greater increase in plasma Na than what rate?
not to exceed what level?
or how much Na mEq/L/d?
why?
0.5mEq/L/hr
130 mEq/L
>12 mEq/L/d
possible occurrence of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) from neuronal damage from rapid osmotic shifts
Management of Hyponatremia for low ECV?
hypertonic saline 3% if symptomatic
NS if asymptomatic
Management of Hyponatremia for normal ECV?
lasix
hypertonic saline if symptomatic
NS if asymptomatic
Management of Hyponatremia for high ECV?
lasix
hypertonic saline if symptomatic
lasix if asymptomatic
water restriction
SIADH is what?
inappropriate levels of ADH are secreted despite absence of osmotic or volume related stimuli
SIADH is a dysregulation of what?
cells secreting ADH or in feedback mechanisms responsible for release
SIADH causes CNS disease
tumor
trauma
infection
CVA
SAH
GBS
DTs
MS
SIADH causes pulmonary disease
tumor
pneumonia
COPD
PPV
SIADH causes malignancies
lung
pancreas
ovarian
lymphoma
SIADH causes meds
NSAIDs
narcotics
diuretics
antidepressants
haldol
!
SIADH other causes?
surgery
idopathic
SIADH labratory
volume status?
Sodium status?
Urine osmolality?
Urine Na?
Serum osmolality?
euvolemia
hyponatremia secondary to H2O excess
Elevated urine osmolality (>200 mOsm/kg)
elevated urine Na (> 20mEq/L)
decreased serum osmolality (<280 mOsm/kg)
Hypernatremia H2O deficit comes from?
diaphoresis
diarrhea
osmotic diuresis (hyperglycemia)
diabetes insipidus
Hypernatremia Clinical Presentation symptoms
altered MS
weakness
neuromuscular irritability
focal deficits
coma
seizures occasionally
thirst
polyuria if DI
Diabetes insipidus r/t ADH
Central DI causes?
trauma
anoxic encephalopathy
surgery
meningitis
brain death
ethanol
neoplastic
idiopathic
Diabetes insipidus r/t ADH
Nephrogenic DI is d/t?
defective end-organ responsiveness to ADH
Diabetes insipidus r/t ADH
Nephrogenic DI causes?
ampho
lithium
dye
hypokalemia
Diabetes insipidus hallmark is what?
urine osmolarity in central is?
urine osmolarity in nephrogenic is?
dilute urine
<200 mOsm/L
200-500 mOsm/L
Diabetes insipidus causes what Na balance?
hypernatremia
Diabetes insipidus serum osmolality is?
> 290 mOsm/kg
Diabetes insipidus dx is confirmed by?
response to fluid restriction
failure of urine osmolarity to increase by >30 mOsm/L in initial hours is diagnositc
How to distinguish central DI from nephrogenic DI?Q
Response to vasopressin/dDAVP (1mcg SQ or IV)
Diagnostic Approach to Hypernatremia
Urine Output is low?
Urine Osmolality will be high
Was there hypotonic fluid loss?
insensible losses
GI losses
Prior Renal Losses from Diuretics
Diagnostic Approach to Hypernatremia
Urine Output is High; Urine Osmolality is Low
Diabetes Insipidus
Response to DDAVP indicates Central
No Response to DDAVP indicates Neprhogenic
Diagnostic Approach to Hypernatremia
Urine Output is High; Urine Osmolality is High
Osmotic Diuresis?
DI H2O deficit should not be corrected more rapid than?
10-12 mEq/L/d
less if chronic state
Management of Diabetes Insipidus free H2O admin should be done how?
calculate free H2O deficit
Correct H2O deficit over 2-3 days to reduce risk of cerebral edema
Management of Diabetes Insipidus if central?
DDAVP 2-5 u SQ q 4-6hrs
Management of Diabetes Insipidus if neprhogenic?
low Na diet
thiazide diuretic
A-fib anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy
Scores to calculate when patient has CHF, HTN, AGE, sex, DM, Prior stroke TIA, Vascular disease?
CHADS2 score
CHA2DS2-VASc Score
A-fib anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy
Scores to calculate when patient has HTN, abnormal renal function, abnormal liver function, stroke, bleeding, labile INR, elderly >65, alcohol or drug use?
HAS-BLED
Possible Differential Diagnosis for pts experiencing stroke like symptoms
Tumors
SDH
Cerebral abscess
Todd’s paresis or paralysis
Hypoglycemia
Encephalitis
Conversion D/O
Migrainous aura
focal seizure
periveral nerve lesions
Clinical Manifestations for MCA stroke
Hemiparesis
Hemiplegia
Hemianesthesia
Hemianopia
Aphasia
Neglect
Gaze deviation
!
Clinical Manifestations for Anterior Cerebral artery stroke
Lower extremity hemiplegia
Primitive reflexes
confusion
abulia
behavioral changes
disturbance in memory
Clinical Manifestations for Vertebral and basilar artery stroke
Decreased LOC
Vertigo
Dysphagia
Diplopia
Ipsilateral CN findings
Contralateral (or bilateral) sensory and motor deficits
Initial Evaluation
10 min or sooner from arrival
Evaluation by physician
Initial Evaluation
</= 15 min
Stroke or neurologic expertise contacted
Initial Evaluation
</= 20 min
NCCT or MRI
Initial Evaluation
</= 45 min
interpretation of neuroimaging
Initial Evaluation
</= 60 min
initiation of IV alteplase
Initial Evaluation
What should be assessed?
ABCs
Time of Onset
Circumstances surrounding onset of neuro symptoms
Hx
Neuro eval (NIHSS)
Labs and ECG
STAT Head CT
Vascular imaging
Initial Evaluation
Exclude stroke mimics such as
Psychogenic
Seizures
Hypoglycemia
Migraine
HTN encephalopathy
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
CNS abscess
CNS tumor
Drug toxicity
Initial Evaluation
All patients need
Non-Con CT (NCCT)
MRI
Blood glucose
Cardiac monitoring
EKG
Troponin
BMP, CBC, PT/INR/aPTT
Maintain O2 sats > 94%
Emergent Management of Ischemic Strokes
ABCs
avoid hypotension, hypoxia and hypovolemia
Emergent Management of Ischemic Strokes
Supplemental O2 for sats of?
> 94%
Emergent Management of Ischemic Strokes
Antipyretic medications for temp of?
> 38 C
Emergent Management of Ischemic Strokes
Fluid resuscitation w/?
isotonic fluids
Management of Ischemic Strokes includes?
Thrombolytic therapy
Mechanical thrombectomy
Antiplatelet therapy
BP management
Contraindications for IV Alteplase
Presentation to GI
Presentation outside window (>4.5 hrs)
Mild, nondisabling stroke (NIHSS 0-5)
HCT w/ extensive areas of hypoattenuation or frank hypodensity
ICH
AIS w/n 3 mo
Severe Head Trauma w/n 3 mo
Acute head trauma
Intracranial or intraspinal surgery w/n 3 mo
symptoms suggestive of SAH
GI malignancy or GI bleed w/n 21 days
Contraindications for IV Alteplase
Infective to Concomitant
Infective endocarditis
Aortic arch dissection
intra-axial intracranial neoplasm
coagulopathy (plt count < 100,000/mm3, aPTT > 40 sec, INR >1.7 or PT > 15 sec)
LMWH - therapeutic dose in last 24 hrs
Thrombin or Factor Xa inhibitors w/ elevated sensitive lab test (aPTT, INR, plt count, ECT; TT; appropriate factor Xa activity assays)
Concomitant Abciximab
Concomitant IV Aspirin
BP requirements for pts that are candidates for reperfusion therapy
Systolic and diastolic prior to infusion?
IVP medications that can be given to control BP? Dose? Frequency? (2)
IV infusions that can be given to control BP? Initial dose, titration parameters, max dose? (2)
Systolic and diastolic following infusion? for how long?
SBP </= 185 mmHg or DBP </= 110 mmHg
Labetalol, 10-20mg q1-2 min
Hydralazine, 10-20mg q1-2min
Nicardipine, 5mg/h, titrate up by 2.5mg/h at 5-15min intervals, 15mg/h
Clevidpine 1-2mg/h, titrate by doubling the dose q2-5 min until desired BP reached, 21mg/h
SBP </= 180 mmHg or DBP </= 105 mmHg for 24 hrs
Alteplase Admin
Dose (max dose)
infusion time
0.9mg/kg (max dose 90mg)
over 60 min w/ 10% of dose given as bolus over 1 min
Alteplase Admin
What would require the discontinuation of infusion and obtaining an emergency head CT scan?
if the patient develops
severe HA
acute hypertension
nausea or vomiting
worsening neuro exam
Alteplase Admin
What would be an indication for increasing frequency of BP measurements?
How to manage this?
if SBP > 180 mmHg or DBP > 105 mmHg
administer antihypertensive medications to maintain BP at or below these levels
Alteplase Admin
Before starting anticoagulants or antiplatelet what needs to be done?
Obtain a follow up CT or MRI scan at 24 hr after IV alteplase
Tenectaplase Admin
dose and infusion time?
Single IV bolus of 0.25mg/kg (max of 25mg) over 10 sec
Tenectaplase Admin
Must be given where?
Not compatible with?
What must be administered before and after?
dedicated IV
dextrose containing IVF
NS 0.9% flush
Management of ICH occurring w/n 24 hrs of IV alteplase or tenecteplase
Initial action?
Labs to get?
Imaging?
Stop infusion
CBC, PT(INR), aPTT, fibrinogen, type and cross
Emergency non-con head CT
Management of ICH occurring w/n 24 hrs of IV alteplase or tenecteplase
Blood products?
Medications?
Consults?
Anything else?
Cryoprecipitate 10 u infused over 10-30 min
Tranexamic acid 1000mg (over 10 min) or Aminocaproic acid 4-5 gm over 1 hr
Hematology and Neurosurgery
Supportive therapy
Mechanical Thrombectomy Criteria
Prestroke mRS score?
Occlusion of?
Age?
NIHSS socre >/=?
Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS)?
Treatment can be initiated via groin w/n?
0-1
ICA or MCA
>/= 18
>/= 6
6 hrs
Mechanical Thrombectomy
Selected pt further criteria
Occlusion?
Mismatch between?
Age?
No what on Head CT or MRI?
No evidence of infarct involving?
Presentation?
LVO
severity of clinical deficit and infarct volume
>/= 18
ICH
more than 1/3 of the territory of the MCA
Late
BP management for Ischemic Stroke patient
Excessive BP lowering can have what effect?
worsen cerebral ischemia
Post stroke management
admit where?
neuro monitoring for?
antiplatelet agents? consider dual antiplatelet therapy for?
early what?
continue/start what? (check what)
stroke unit
hemorrhagic transformation or edema
ASA 24-48 hrs post tPA/TNK; minor noncardioembolic (NIHSS </=3) AIS who did not receive iV Alteplase
Mobilization
statin (check lipid panel)
Post stroke management
Glycemic management? treat BG of?
mental health?
Avoid what?
Skin protection includes?
Assessment of?
Education?
Evaluation of?
Treatment of?
normoglycemia (140-180), treat BG <60mg/dL, Check HgbA1c
Depression screening
indwelling catheters
turning, good skin hygeine, specialized mattress, wheelchair cushions
functional assessment
Smoking cessation; stroke education
Cardiac evaluation
Recurrent seizures
Meningitis
Clinical Presentation
Classic Triad?
Fever
Nuchal rigidity
AMS
Meningitis
Clinical Presentation
Symptoms outside of the classic triad include?
HA
Photophobia
Vomiting
Lethargy
Myalgia
Seizures
Skin manifestations
Symptoms progress hours to days
Meningitis
Clinical Presentation
Clinical findings are often overlooked in?
infants
obtunded patients
elderly patients w/ heart failure
elderly patients w/ pneumonia
Immunocompromised individuals
Clinical Signs
Brudzinski’s Sign
Spontaneous flexion of the hips during attempted passive flexion of the neck
Clinical Signs
Kerning’s Sign
Inability or reluctance to allow full extension of the knee when the hip is flexed 90 degrees
Meningitis
Diagnosis
Hx will include
recent illness or sick exposure
change in mental status
focal deficit
cranial nerve palsy