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Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

The study of structure

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

The study of function

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3
Q

What do science and scientific methods do

A

Set standards for truth

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4
Q

What is the inductive method

A

The process of making multiple observations until you become confident in making predictions

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5
Q

What is a theory

A

An explanatory statement derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

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6
Q

What are selection pressures

A

Forces that promote reproductive success in some more than others

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7
Q

What are adaptations

A

Inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures

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8
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and maintain relatively stable internal conditions

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9
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Cycles in the body that self amplify and can only be stop by outside resources

Like the flu you need medication

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10
Q

Define gradient

A

The difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

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11
Q

Explain the concept of homeostasis

A

It is the ability to detect change, oppose it, and maintain stable internal conditions.

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12
Q

Explain what a gradient is

A

Difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.

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12
Q

Define a molecule

A

Two or more atoms united with a chemical bond.

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13
Q

What are isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different atom arrangements.

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14
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

Attraction between a cation and an anion, easily broken

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15
Q

Define solvency

A

Ability to dissolve other chemicals.

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16
Q

What are hydrophilic substances?

A

Substances that dissolve in water (Polar/charged).

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17
Q

What are hydrophobic substances

A

Substances that do not dissolve in water (nonpolar/neutral).

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18
Q

What defines a solution?

A

Something that has been dissolved.

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19
Q

Describe colloids

A

Particles larger than water in a solution, usually a mixture of proteins and water

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20
Q

What is a suspension

A

When cells sink

Separate when not mixed

e.g., red blood cells sink in plasma.

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21
Q

Explain the concept of emulsion

A

Suspension of one liquid in another

Do not separate when not mixed

e.g., oil and vinegar.

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22
Q

Define an acid

A

A proton donor that releases hydrogen ions in water

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23
Q

What characterizes a base

A

A proton acceptor that accepts hydrogen ions in water or releases OH in water

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24
Q

Explain what pH measures

A

The measure of hydrogen concentration in a liquid.

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25
Q

Define buffers

A

Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

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26
Q

What is energy

A

The capacity to do work.

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27
Q

What is a chemical reaction

A

The making or breaking of bonds

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28
Q

Identify the classes of chemical reactions

A

Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions

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29
Q

Explain reversible reactions

A

Reactions that can proceed in either direction under different circumstances

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30
Q

What influences reaction rates

A

Concentration, temperature, and catalyst presence.

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31
Q

Define metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in the body

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32
Q

Differentiate catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolism releases energy and breaks covalent bonds; anabolism stores energy and synthesizes molecules

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33
Q

Explain oxidation in chemical reactions

A

A reaction where a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

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34
Q

Define an ion

A

A charged particle with an unequal amount of protons and electrons

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35
Q

What is ionization

A

Transfer of elections from one atom to another

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36
Q

What are free radicals

A

Unstable, highly reactive particles with an unusual amount of electrons

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37
Q

What are antioxidants

A

Chemicals that neutralize free radicals

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38
Q

Define a molecule

A

A particle composed of two or more atoms united with a chemical bond

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39
Q

What is a hydrogen bond

A

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in a different molecule

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40
Q

What are isomers

A

Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms

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41
Q

Define a mixture

A

substances that are physically blended but not chemically

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42
Q

What is a decomposition reaction

A

A large molecule breaks into two smaller molecules

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43
Q

What is a synthesis reaction

A

Two or more smaller molecules combine into a larger one

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43
Q

What is free energy

A

Potential energy available in a system to do work

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44
Q

What is an exchange reaction

A

Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

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45
Q

What are functional groups

A

Attach to something and change the form for a specific function

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46
Q

What is reduction

A

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

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47
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Large organic molecules with high molecular weights

48
Q

What are polymers

A

Molecules made of a repetitive series of monomers

49
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

Removing of water Ex. Condensation

50
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Addition of water Ex. Splitting a polymer by adding water

51
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Hydrophilic organic molecules

52
Q

What are disaccharides

A

Sugars made of two monosaccharides

53
Q

What are oligosaccharides

A

Short chains of three or more monosaccharides

54
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Long chains of monosaccharides (50+ or more)

54
Q

What does it mean to be conjugated

A

to be bound

55
Q

Define cellulose

A

Structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber

56
Q

Define Moiety

A

each component of a conjugated macromolecule

57
Q

Define a protein

A

A polymer of amino acids

58
Q

Define a peptide

A

two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

59
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

Joins amino group of one amino acid to carboxy group of the next

60
Q

What is an oligopeptide

A

A peptide that contains 4-15 amino acids

61
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

A peptide with more than 15 amino acids

62
Q

What is a conformation

A

The three dimensional shape of proteins

63
Q

What is Denaturation

A

Extreme conformational change that destroys function

64
Q

What is primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids within a protein molecule

One line (Linear)

65
Q

What is secondary structure

A

Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

(Two dimensional)

66
Q

What is an Alpha Helix

A

A springlike shaped protein

67
Q

What is a beta sheet

A

A folded or ribbon like shaped protein

68
Q

What is tertiary structure

A

Three-dimensional shape of proteins

68
Q

What are the best ways to denature proteins

A

high temperature and Extreme pH levels

68
Q

What is quaternary structure

A

Multiple 3d protein bonds

69
Q

What are cofactors

A

Nonprotein partner to enzymes

70
Q

What are Lipids

A

Hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

71
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

A chain of reactions each catalyzed by a different enzyme

72
Q

What are triglycerides

A

How you transport fatty acids

73
Q

Define amphipathic

A

When part of it loves water and the other hates it- these make the cell wall in cells

74
Q

What are nucleotides

A

organic compounds with three components

75
Q

How is ATP made

A

By splitting glucose

75
Q

What are the three components of nucleotides

A

A nitrogenous base
Sugar
One or more phosphate groups

76
Q

What is a pump

A

Carriers that consume ATP

76
Q

What do cell adhesion molecules do

A

Link the cell to extracellular material

77
Q

What do microvilli do

A

Increase the surface area of a cell

78
Q

What do cilia do

A

Move mucus to help prevent infection

79
Q

What is flagellum

A

The tail of sperm

80
Q

What are passive mechanisms

A

mechanisms that require no ATP

Filtration, Osmosis, Diffusion

81
Q

What are active mechanisms

A

Mechanisms that require ATP

Active transport, Sodium potassium pump

82
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water

83
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

How much energy I need to do water diffusion

84
Q

What is Hydrostatic

A

The amount of energy it takes to stop water diffusion

85
Q

What does it mean to be hypotonic

A

To absorb water or absorb

86
Q

What does it mean to be hypertonic

A

To lose water or shrink

87
Q

What is carrier mediated support

A

Where the proteins carry solutes in/out of the cell

88
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier moves solute down the concentration gradient (passive)

89
Q

What is primary active transport

A

Carrier moves solute up the gradient. Sodium potassium pump

90
Q

What is secondary active transport

A

Carrier moves solute up gradient like primary but has a second pump

91
Q

What is specificity

A

When the protein specifically matches the solute

92
Q

What is saturation

A

When the concentration reaches a certain point the rate the solute moves at will max out

93
Q

What is uniport

A

A carrier moves one type of solute

94
Q

What is symport

A

Carrier moves two solutes in the same direction

95
Q

What is antiport

A

Carrier moves two solutes in different directions

96
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Brings material into the cell

97
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Removes material from the cell

98
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Engulfs and destroys cell

99
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

100
Q

What is transcytosis

A

transport material across the cell

101
Q

What does the nucleus do

A

House DNA
Has a high gradient to not lose DNA

101
Q

What does the Rough ER do

A

Help make proteins

101
Q

What is the liquid in the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

102
Q

What does the Smooth ER do

A

Help with storage

103
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

Help make proteins and RNA

104
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A

Use carbs to finish making proteins

105
Q

What is autophagy

A

Digestion of extra cell organelles

106
Q

What is autolysis

A

digestion of a whole cell or cell suicide

107
Q

What do peroxisomes do

A

Oxidize organic molecules with oxygen

108
Q

What do proteasomes do

A

break down proteins

109
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

Make ATP

110
Q

What does a centriole do

A

Maintain organization in the cell

111
Q

What is tonicity

A

How much the solution affects the cell

High tonicity is hypertonic

Low tonicity is Hypotonic

Anatomy (7 decks)

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