Test 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy
The study of structure
What is physiology
The study of function
What do science and scientific methods do
Set standards for truth
What is the inductive method
The process of making multiple observations until you become confident in making predictions
What is a theory
An explanatory statement derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
What are selection pressures
Forces that promote reproductive success in some more than others
What are adaptations
Inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures
What is homeostasis
The ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and maintain relatively stable internal conditions
What is positive feedback
Cycles in the body that self amplify and can only be stop by outside resources
Like the flu you need medication
Define gradient
The difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points
Explain the concept of homeostasis
It is the ability to detect change, oppose it, and maintain stable internal conditions.
Explain what a gradient is
Difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.
Define a molecule
Two or more atoms united with a chemical bond.
What are isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different atom arrangements.
What is an ionic bond
Attraction between a cation and an anion, easily broken
Define solvency
Ability to dissolve other chemicals.
What are hydrophilic substances?
Substances that dissolve in water (Polar/charged).
What are hydrophobic substances
Substances that do not dissolve in water (nonpolar/neutral).
What defines a solution?
Something that has been dissolved.
Describe colloids
Particles larger than water in a solution, usually a mixture of proteins and water
What is a suspension
When cells sink
Separate when not mixed
e.g., red blood cells sink in plasma.
Explain the concept of emulsion
Suspension of one liquid in another
Do not separate when not mixed
e.g., oil and vinegar.
Define an acid
A proton donor that releases hydrogen ions in water
What characterizes a base
A proton acceptor that accepts hydrogen ions in water or releases OH in water
Explain what pH measures
The measure of hydrogen concentration in a liquid.
Define buffers
Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
What is energy
The capacity to do work.
What is a chemical reaction
The making or breaking of bonds
Identify the classes of chemical reactions
Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions
Explain reversible reactions
Reactions that can proceed in either direction under different circumstances
What influences reaction rates
Concentration, temperature, and catalyst presence.
Define metabolism
All chemical reactions in the body
Differentiate catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism releases energy and breaks covalent bonds; anabolism stores energy and synthesizes molecules
Explain oxidation in chemical reactions
A reaction where a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
Define an ion
A charged particle with an unequal amount of protons and electrons
What is ionization
Transfer of elections from one atom to another
What are free radicals
Unstable, highly reactive particles with an unusual amount of electrons
What are antioxidants
Chemicals that neutralize free radicals
Define a molecule
A particle composed of two or more atoms united with a chemical bond
What is a hydrogen bond
A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in a different molecule
What are isomers
Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms
Define a mixture
substances that are physically blended but not chemically
What is a decomposition reaction
A large molecule breaks into two smaller molecules
What is a synthesis reaction
Two or more smaller molecules combine into a larger one
What is free energy
Potential energy available in a system to do work
What is an exchange reaction
Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms
What are functional groups
Attach to something and change the form for a specific function
What is reduction
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
What are macromolecules
Large organic molecules with high molecular weights
What are polymers
Molecules made of a repetitive series of monomers
What is dehydration synthesis
Removing of water Ex. Condensation
What is hydrolysis
Addition of water Ex. Splitting a polymer by adding water
What are carbohydrates
Hydrophilic organic molecules
What are disaccharides
Sugars made of two monosaccharides
What are oligosaccharides
Short chains of three or more monosaccharides
What are polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides (50+ or more)
What does it mean to be conjugated
to be bound
Define cellulose
Structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber
Define Moiety
each component of a conjugated macromolecule
Define a protein
A polymer of amino acids
Define a peptide
two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
What is a peptide bond
Joins amino group of one amino acid to carboxy group of the next
What is an oligopeptide
A peptide that contains 4-15 amino acids
What is a polypeptide
A peptide with more than 15 amino acids
What is a conformation
The three dimensional shape of proteins
What is Denaturation
Extreme conformational change that destroys function
What is primary structure
Sequence of amino acids within a protein molecule
One line (Linear)
What is secondary structure
Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds
(Two dimensional)
What is an Alpha Helix
A springlike shaped protein
What is a beta sheet
A folded or ribbon like shaped protein
What is tertiary structure
Three-dimensional shape of proteins
What are the best ways to denature proteins
high temperature and Extreme pH levels
What is quaternary structure
Multiple 3d protein bonds
What are cofactors
Nonprotein partner to enzymes
What are Lipids
Hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
What is a metabolic pathway
A chain of reactions each catalyzed by a different enzyme
What are triglycerides
How you transport fatty acids
Define amphipathic
When part of it loves water and the other hates it- these make the cell wall in cells
What are nucleotides
organic compounds with three components
How is ATP made
By splitting glucose
What are the three components of nucleotides
A nitrogenous base
Sugar
One or more phosphate groups
What is a pump
Carriers that consume ATP
What do cell adhesion molecules do
Link the cell to extracellular material
What do microvilli do
Increase the surface area of a cell
What do cilia do
Move mucus to help prevent infection
What is flagellum
The tail of sperm
What are passive mechanisms
mechanisms that require no ATP
Filtration, Osmosis, Diffusion
What are active mechanisms
Mechanisms that require ATP
Active transport, Sodium potassium pump
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water
What is osmotic pressure
How much energy I need to do water diffusion
What is Hydrostatic
The amount of energy it takes to stop water diffusion
What does it mean to be hypotonic
To absorb water or absorb
What does it mean to be hypertonic
To lose water or shrink
What is carrier mediated support
Where the proteins carry solutes in/out of the cell
What is facilitated diffusion
Carrier moves solute down the concentration gradient (passive)
What is primary active transport
Carrier moves solute up the gradient. Sodium potassium pump
What is secondary active transport
Carrier moves solute up gradient like primary but has a second pump
What is specificity
When the protein specifically matches the solute
What is saturation
When the concentration reaches a certain point the rate the solute moves at will max out
What is uniport
A carrier moves one type of solute
What is symport
Carrier moves two solutes in the same direction
What is antiport
Carrier moves two solutes in different directions
What is endocytosis
Brings material into the cell
What is exocytosis
Removes material from the cell
What is phagocytosis
Engulfs and destroys cell
What is pinocytosis
Cell drinking
What is transcytosis
transport material across the cell
What does the nucleus do
House DNA
Has a high gradient to not lose DNA
What does the Rough ER do
Help make proteins
What is the liquid in the cytoplasm
Cytosol
What does the Smooth ER do
Help with storage
What do ribosomes do
Help make proteins and RNA
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Use carbs to finish making proteins
What is autophagy
Digestion of extra cell organelles
What is autolysis
digestion of a whole cell or cell suicide
What do peroxisomes do
Oxidize organic molecules with oxygen
What do proteasomes do
break down proteins
What does the mitochondria do
Make ATP
What does a centriole do
Maintain organization in the cell
What is tonicity
How much the solution affects the cell
High tonicity is hypertonic
Low tonicity is Hypotonic