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final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Ligand

A

A receptor activated by neurotransmitters

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2
Q

What is voltage

A

A receptor activated by action potential -usually calcium

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3
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in an adrenergic synapse

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

What is GABA

A

An inhibitory transmitter

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5
Q

What are neuromodulators

A

Chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons

Nitric oxide

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5
Q

What is neural integration

A

The ability to process store and recall information and use it to make decisions

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6
Q

What is the Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Voltage change from the RMP towards the threshold

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7
Q

What is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Voltage becomes more negative than it is at rest

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8
Q

What is the EPSP produced by

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

What is the IPSP produced by

A

GABA and Glycine

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10
Q

What is temporal summation

A

One neuron sends powerful stimuli

A synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that one is produced before the last one fades

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11
Q

What is Spatial Summation

A

A bunch of neurons send small stimuli to create a big one

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12
Q

What is Presynaptic Facilitation

A

When one presynaptic neuron enhances another

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13
Q

What is neural coding

A

Converting stimulus information into meaningful pattern of action potentials

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14
Q

What is a Serial processing

A

Neurons and neural pools relay information in a fairly linear way

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15
Q

What is parallel processing

A

information is transmitted along diverging circuits through different pathways that act simultaneously for different purposes

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16
Q

What is synaptic potentiation

A

process of making transmission easier

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17
Q

What is synaptic facilitation

A

Making it easier to transmit signals across synapse

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18
Q

What is post tetanic potentiation

A

Calcium levels in axon terminal stay elevated leading to an exceptionally large burst of neurotransmitter

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19
Q

What are the regions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

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19
Q

What is the Meninges

A

Three fibrous membranes that enclose brain and spinal cord

Dura, pia, arachnoid matter

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20
Q

What is Dura mater

A

Loose fitting sleeve around spinal cord

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21
Q

What is arachnoid mater

A

Webbed cushoning

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22
Q

What is pia mater

A

Delicate transparent membrane that follows the contours of spinal cord

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23
What is grey matter
unmyelinated matter that contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal portions of axons in the medulla
24
What do the posterior horns do
Receive sensory nerve fibers and synapse with interneurons in horn
25
What does the anterior horn do
Contain cell bodies of motor neurons
26
What is white matter
Myelinated matter that surrounds grey matter and is in axon bundles that course up and down the spinal cord Communicates through tracts is in the cortex
27
In the spine where do motor and sensory function go
Motor functions end in the spine Sensory functions end in the brain
28
What do ascending tracts do
Carry information up
29
What do descending tracts do
Carry information down
30
What is decussation
Crossing of the midline that occurs in tracts so that the brain senses and controls contralateral side of the body
31
Define Contralateral
When the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body
32
Define ipsilateral
when the origins and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body
33
What does the first order neuron do
Detect stimuli and transmit signal to spinal cord or brain stem
34
What does the second order neuron do
Continues to the thalamus
35
What does the third order neuron do
Carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex
36
What is the Upper motor neuron
Originates in the cerebral cortex or brain stem and terminates on a lower motor neuron
37
What is a Lower motor neuron
Cell body is in the brainstem or spinal cord and the axon leads to a muscle or other target organ
38
What do the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts do
They carry signals from cerebral cortex for precise finely coordinated movements
39
What is a nerve
A cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers bound together by connective tissue
40
What are sensory nerves
They are composed only of afferent fibers; carry signals from sensory receptors to CNS
41
What are motor Nerves
Composed of efferent fibers and carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands
42
What are mixed nerves
Consists of both afferent and efferent fibers
43
What is ganglion
Cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
44
What is the anterior ramus
In the thoracic region, each one gives rise to an intercostal nerve
45
What is the posterior ramus
Innervates nerves and muscles in that region of the spine and the skin of the back
46
What is the Meningeal Branch
Reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments
47
What are the reflex arc steps
1. Somatic receptors in skin muscle or tendons 2. Afferent nerve fibers carry information from receptors to spinal cord or brain stem 3. Integrating center- point of synaptic contact between neurons in gray matter of cord or brainstem 4. Efferent nerve fibers- carry motor impulses to muscles 5. Effectors- the muscles that carry out the response
48
What are reflexes
Muscles are stimulated on the spindle
49
How do projection tracts communicate
Lobe communicates with itself
49
Which matter receives brain signals
White
50
How do association tracts communicate
From lobe to lobe
51
What does the cerebellum do
Controls fine motor movements
52
What parts of the brain are sensory and which are motor
The front is motor The back is sensory
52
What is the blood-CSF barrier
Protects brain at the choroid process and is formed by tight junctions between ependymal cells
53
What is the Blood Brain barrier system (BBS)
It regulates what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain
54
What is the medulla oblongata
Brain region that develops from embryonic myelencephalon
54
What is the pons
Controls rhythm and sleep cycle
55
What are the parts of the midbrain
Tectum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus
56
What is the inferior Collucci
Part of the midbrain that controls ear reflexes
57
What does the temporal lobe control
Hearing, taste, smell, balance
57
What is the superior collucci
Part of the midbrain that controls reflexes for eyes
58
What is the substantia nigra
Part of the midbrain that suppresses unwanted body movements and releases GABA to counteract dopamine
59
What does the Wernicke area do
Interpret language
59
What does the parietal lobe do
helps senses/touch
60
What does the occipital lobe control
vision
61
What does the insula control
The reception and modulation of pain
61
What does the frontal lobe control
Gross motor and thinking
62
What does the Broca area do
formulate speech
63
What does the hypothalamus control
homeostasis
63
What does the thalamus control
limbic system, emotions, personality
64
What does the meninges do
protect brain
65
What are ventricles
pools of CSF
66
What is CSF
blood without blood- Just plasma Nourishes the brain and allows for protection, keeps it floating, and monitors pH
67
What are arachnoid granulations
Reabsorb the CSF and put it back into blood
68
What is the blood capillary
Let's CSF enter ventricles
69
What does the sympathetic nervous system control
Fight or flight Triggered by stress Uses epinephrine neurotransmitters produced by adrenal glands Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors
70
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control
Rest and digestion
71
What is Dual Innervation
Impacted by both sympathetic and parasympathetic Only organ in the body controlled by sympathetic
72
What is the limbic system
Center of emotion and learning
73
What is the basal nuclei
Sends motor information to substantial nigra then down spinal cord

Anatomy (7 decks)

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