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Anatomy > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Ligand

A

A receptor activated by neurotransmitters

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2
Q

What is voltage

A

A receptor activated by action potential -usually calcium

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3
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in an adrenergic synapse

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

What is GABA

A

An inhibitory transmitter

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5
Q

What are neuromodulators

A

Chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons

Nitric oxide

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5
Q

What is neural integration

A

The ability to process store and recall information and use it to make decisions

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6
Q

What is the Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Voltage change from the RMP towards the threshold

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7
Q

What is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Voltage becomes more negative than it is at rest

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8
Q

What is the EPSP produced by

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

What is the IPSP produced by

A

GABA and Glycine

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10
Q

What is temporal summation

A

One neuron sends powerful stimuli

A synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that one is produced before the last one fades

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11
Q

What is Spatial Summation

A

A bunch of neurons send small stimuli to create a big one

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12
Q

What is Presynaptic Facilitation

A

When one presynaptic neuron enhances another

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13
Q

What is neural coding

A

Converting stimulus information into meaningful pattern of action potentials

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14
Q

What is a Serial processing

A

Neurons and neural pools relay information in a fairly linear way

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15
Q

What is parallel processing

A

information is transmitted along diverging circuits through different pathways that act simultaneously for different purposes

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16
Q

What is synaptic potentiation

A

process of making transmission easier

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17
Q

What is synaptic facilitation

A

Making it easier to transmit signals across synapse

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18
Q

What is post tetanic potentiation

A

Calcium levels in axon terminal stay elevated leading to an exceptionally large burst of neurotransmitter

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19
Q

What are the regions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

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19
Q

What is the Meninges

A

Three fibrous membranes that enclose brain and spinal cord

Dura, pia, arachnoid matter

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20
Q

What is Dura mater

A

Loose fitting sleeve around spinal cord

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21
Q

What is arachnoid mater

A

Webbed cushoning

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22
Q

What is pia mater

A

Delicate transparent membrane that follows the contours of spinal cord

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23
Q

What is grey matter

A

unmyelinated matter that contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal portions of axons

in the medulla

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24
Q

What do the posterior horns do

A

Receive sensory nerve fibers and synapse with interneurons in horn

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25
Q

What does the anterior horn do

A

Contain cell bodies of motor neurons

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26
Q

What is white matter

A

Myelinated matter that surrounds grey matter and is in axon bundles that course up and down the spinal cord

Communicates through tracts
is in the cortex

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27
Q

In the spine where do motor and sensory function go

A

Motor functions end in the spine
Sensory functions end in the brain

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28
Q

What do ascending tracts do

A

Carry information up

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29
Q

What do descending tracts do

A

Carry information down

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30
Q

What is decussation

A

Crossing of the midline that occurs in tracts so that the brain senses and controls contralateral side of the body

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31
Q

Define Contralateral

A

When the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

32
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

when the origins and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body

33
Q

What does the first order neuron do

A

Detect stimuli and transmit signal to spinal cord or brain stem

34
Q

What does the second order neuron do

A

Continues to the thalamus

35
Q

What does the third order neuron do

A

Carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

36
Q

What is the Upper motor neuron

A

Originates in the cerebral cortex or brain stem and terminates on a lower motor neuron

37
Q

What is a Lower motor neuron

A

Cell body is in the brainstem or spinal cord and the axon leads to a muscle or other target organ

38
Q

What do the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts do

A

They carry signals from cerebral cortex for precise finely coordinated movements

39
Q

What is a nerve

A

A cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers bound together by connective tissue

40
Q

What are sensory nerves

A

They are composed only of afferent fibers; carry signals from sensory receptors to CNS

41
Q

What are motor Nerves

A

Composed of efferent fibers and carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands

42
Q

What are mixed nerves

A

Consists of both afferent and efferent fibers

43
Q

What is ganglion

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

44
Q

What is the anterior ramus

A

In the thoracic region, each one gives rise to an intercostal nerve

45
Q

What is the posterior ramus

A

Innervates nerves and muscles in that region of the spine and the skin of the back

46
Q

What is the Meningeal Branch

A

Reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments

47
Q

What are the reflex arc steps

A
  1. Somatic receptors in skin muscle or tendons
  2. Afferent nerve fibers carry information from receptors to spinal cord or brain stem
  3. Integrating center- point of synaptic contact between neurons in gray matter of cord or brainstem
  4. Efferent nerve fibers- carry motor impulses to muscles
  5. Effectors- the muscles that carry out the response
48
Q

What are reflexes

A

Muscles are stimulated on the spindle

49
Q

How do projection tracts communicate

A

Lobe communicates with itself

49
Q

Which matter receives brain signals

A

White

50
Q

How do association tracts communicate

A

From lobe to lobe

51
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Controls fine motor movements

52
Q

What parts of the brain are sensory and which are motor

A

The front is motor
The back is sensory

52
Q

What is the blood-CSF barrier

A

Protects brain at the choroid process and is formed by tight junctions between ependymal cells

53
Q

What is the Blood Brain barrier system (BBS)

A

It regulates what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain

54
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

Brain region that develops from embryonic myelencephalon

54
Q

What is the pons

A

Controls rhythm and sleep cycle

55
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain

A

Tectum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus

56
Q

What is the inferior Collucci

A

Part of the midbrain that controls ear reflexes

57
Q

What does the temporal lobe control

A

Hearing, taste, smell, balance

57
Q

What is the superior collucci

A

Part of the midbrain that controls reflexes for eyes

58
Q

What is the substantia nigra

A

Part of the midbrain that suppresses unwanted body movements and releases GABA to counteract dopamine

59
Q

What does the Wernicke area do

A

Interpret language

59
Q

What does the parietal lobe do

A

helps senses/touch

60
Q

What does the occipital lobe control

A

vision

61
Q

What does the insula control

A

The reception and modulation of pain

61
Q

What does the frontal lobe control

A

Gross motor and thinking

62
Q

What does the Broca area do

A

formulate speech

63
Q

What does the hypothalamus control

A

homeostasis

63
Q

What does the thalamus control

A

limbic system, emotions, personality

64
Q

What does the meninges do

A

protect brain

65
Q

What are ventricles

A

pools of CSF

66
Q

What is CSF

A

blood without blood- Just plasma
Nourishes the brain and allows for protection, keeps it floating, and monitors pH

67
Q

What are arachnoid granulations

A

Reabsorb the CSF and put it back into blood

68
Q

What is the blood capillary

A

Let’s CSF enter ventricles

69
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system control

A

Fight or flight
Triggered by stress
Uses epinephrine neurotransmitters produced by adrenal glands
Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors

70
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control

A

Rest and digestion

71
Q

What is Dual Innervation

A

Impacted by both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Only organ in the body controlled by sympathetic

72
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Center of emotion and learning

73
Q

What is the basal nuclei

A

Sends motor information to substantial nigra then down spinal cord

Anatomy (7 decks)

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